<0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 ;8@8:5 CH:8=0, A>G8=5=85, ?> ;8B5@0BC@5, =0 B5 <0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 ;8@8:5 CH:8=0 ?> ;8B5@0BC@5. "0:65 <=>3> ?>E>68E A>G8=5=89.">
5H51=8:8:

"5<0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 ;8@8:5 CH:8=0
"5<0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 1K;0 254CI59 2 B2>@G5AB25 CH:8=0 =0 ?@>BO65=88 2A59 53> 687=8. 5=O;8AL 8450;K A2>1>4K, B2>@G5AB20, 24>E=>25=8O, AG0ABLO, => ?>AB>O==>9 >AB020;0AL B5<0 ?>MB8G5A:>3> ?@8720=8O 8 =07=0G5=8O ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 >1I5AB25==>9 687=8. A2>5< B2>@G5AB25 CH:8= >1@0I0;AO 8 : B@048F8>==K< D>@<0< ?>M788, 8 : ?@>75, 8 : 15;>B=>A8;AO : B5< ?>MB0<, GL5 B2>@G5AB2> <>6=> 4>AB0B>G=> G5B:> @0745;8BL =0 ?5@8>4K, >1CA;>2;5==K5 2;8O=85< =0 02B>@0 @07;8G=KE ;8B5@0BC@=KE B5G5=89, 53> 2=CB@5==59 M2>;NF88, 0 B0:65 >1AB>OB5;LAB20<8 ;8G=>9 687=8.
8F59A:89 ?5@8>4 B2>@G5AB20 CH:8=0 G0AB> E0@0:B5@87CNB :0: ?>4@060B5;L=K9. = 8A:0; A2>9 8450; 2 C65 CAB0=>282H8EAO D>@<0E 8 >1@07F0E.
AB8E>B2>@5=88 A30@ (1814) ?@54AB02;5= >1@07 AB0@F0-10@40, 27OBK9 87 10;;04 4@52=5H>B;0=4A:>3>, O:>1K, ?>MB0 AA80=0.
!8 MB0<-:0@0<78=8AB0< >B@078;8AL 2 C2;5G5=88 ?>?C;O@=K< A@548 =8E 60=@>< ?>A;0=8O. <5==> B0: =0?8A0=> AB8E>B2>@5=85 >@>4>: (1815), :>B>@>5 <>6=> AG8B0BL A2>5>1@07=>9 ;8B5@0BC@=>9 ?@>3@0<<>9 <>;>4>3> ?>MB0. =5< < >1@07 ?>MB0-871@0==8:0, >AB02H89AO A CH:8=K< =0 2AN 687=L:
= : A>;=FC 2>A?0@8B,
@52KH5 A<5@B=KE AB0=5B,
A;020 3@><:> 3@O=5B:
5AA<5@B5= 225: ?88B.
"0:65 <>6=> 2K45;8BL 8 M?8:C@59A:85 <>B82K, E0@0:B5@=K5, 3;02=K< >1@07><, 4;O @0==53> B2>@G5AB20 CH:8=0:
;065=, :B> 25A5;8BAO,
?>:>5, 157 701>B,
! :5< 2B09=5 $51 4@C68BAO
<0;5=L:89 -@>B.
CH:8= A =5<0;>9 4>;59 8@>=88 2K@0605B A2>5 >B=>H5=85 : ?>MB0<-A>2@5<5==8:0<. AB8E0E MB>3> ?5@8>40 <>6=> =09B8 ?>4@060=85 8 5@6028=C, 8 0BNH:>2C, => >A>15==> <=>3> 27O; CH:8= C C:>2A:>3>, A2>53> CG8B5;O 2 ;8B5@0BC@5. AB8E>B2>@5=88 5GB0B5;L (1815) A:2>7L >1@07 ?>MB0-;5=82F0 - ;N18<0=B87< 8 ?5@5E>4 : 60=@C C=K;>9 M;5388, ?>?C;O@=>9 2 B> 2@5<0=B8G5A:>3> ?>MB0, AB@040NI53> 8 C<8@0NI53>, 2>AA>740= 2 M;5388 525F (1816):
>340 2 ;5A0E 2K N=>HC 2840;8,
AB@5G0O 27>@ 53> ?>BCEH8E 3;07,
74>E=C;8 ;L 2K?
!B8E>B2>@5=85 8F8=8N (1815) >B@0605B >B=>H5=85 CH:8=0 : @>AA89A:>9 459AB28B5;L=>AB8, ?@542>AE8I05B ?>;8B8G5A:89 F8:; ?5B5@1C@3A:>3> ?5@8>40. 45AL 2>7=8:05B >1@07 ?>MB0, AB>OI53> 2KH5 3@5E>2=>9 75<=>9 2;0AB8, ?>A;CH=>3> ;8HL ?@0245:
A0B8@5 ?@0254=>9 ?>@>: 87>1@06C
=@02K A8E 25:>2 ?>B>1=06C.
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
!B8E>B2>@5=85 5@52=O (1819), A>AB>OI55 87 M;538G5A:>9 8 >48G5A:>9 G0AB59, A>G5B05B 2 A515 8 :>=F5?F8N B2>@G5AB20: #GCAO 2 8AB8=5 1;065=AB2> =0E>48BL, A2>1>4=>N 4CH>9 70:>= 1>3>B2>@8BL, @>?B0=LN =5 2=8<0BL B>;?K =5?@>A25I5==>9. ?5@2>9 G0AB8 72CG0B M?8:C@59A:85 <>B82K (;L5BAO 4=59 <>8E =5254>B>: =0 ;>=5 AG0ABLO 8 70125=LO), ?>AB5?5==> ?5@5E>4O 2 >AM788 :0: B2>@G5A:>3> B@C40:
@0:C;K 25:>2, 745AL 2>?@>H0N 20A!
C548=5=L5 25;8G02><
!;KH=55 20H >B@04=K9 3;0A.
= 3>=8B ;5=8 A>= C3@N
B@C40< @>6405B 60@ 2> <=5...
>, ?>4>94O : >A=>2=>9 MB A@K205B <0A:C C<8@>B2>@5==>AB8 A AC@>2>3> 8 <@0G=>3> ;8F0 @>AA89A:>9 459AB28B5;L=>AB8. 57:> <5=O5BAO E0@0:B5@ AB8E0, <5=O5BAO 8 >1@07 AB8E>B2>@F0. 045OAL =0 ?045=85 @01AB20 ?> <0=8N F0@O, CH:8= ?>-?@56=5<5=O5B ?>MBC 2 >1O70==>ABL A5@4F0 B@52>68BL 8 ;8HL A>60;55B > B><, GB> 28B89AB25==K9 3@>7=K9 40@ 40= 5AB0B>G=>9 AB5?5=8, GB>1K >?8A0BL 25AL C60A 2708<>>B=>H5=89 10@AB20 48:>3> 8 @01AB20 B>I53>.
5@20O G5B25@BL 452OB=04F0B>3> 25:0 2 @CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 >B;8G0;0AL @07=>>1@0785< B5G5=89 8 AB8;59. 1@0I5=85 CH:8=0 2 ?5@8>4 N6=>9 AAK;:8 : @><0=B87 @57C;LB0B>< =5 B>;L:> ;8G=KE >1AB>OB5;LAB2 687=8, 2?5G0B;5=89 >B >1I5=8O A M:7>B8G5A:>9 N6=>9 AB>@>=>9,. => 8 D0:B>< >1I53> :C;LBC@=>3> A>AB>O=8O 8 C2;5G5=8O <>;>4568 B>3> 2@5<5=8, 55 @07>G0@>20==>ABLN 2 687=8 8 ?@56452@5<5==>9 AB0@>AB8 4CH8. A;8 2 ?5B5@1C@3A:89 ?5@8>4 ;8@8G5A:89 35@>9-?>MB AB@5<8;AO : 0:B82=>;8B8G5A:>9, B> 2 8459=>9 687=8, B> 2 N6=K9 ?5@8>4 2 53> B2>@G5AB25 ?>O2;O5BAO <>B82 153AB20 >B ;N4A:>9 B>;?K, >B >:>2 A25B0, A?;5B5=, ?@54@0AAC4:>2, AC5B=KE 65;0=89 8 ?>@>G=KE C15645=89:
5B8, :>@01;L, =5A8 <5=O : ?@545;0< 40;L=8<
> 3@>7=>9 ?@8E>B8 >1<0=G82KE <>@59.
> B>;L:> =5 : 1@530< ?5G0;L=K<
"C<0==>9 @>48=K <>59.
>MB ?>3@C605BAO 2 <8@ 2>A?><8=0=89 8 <5GB0=89 > =54>AB868<>9 A2>1>45. =8, 0 =5 <8<>;5B=K5 @04>AB8 8;8 8;;N788, AB0=>2OBAO 7025@H5=85< 8A:0=89 ?>MB0 2 @><0=B8G5A:>< =0?@02;5=88, ?@54AB02;5==>< 2 AB8E>B2>@5=88 <>@N (1824):
@>I09 65, <>@5! 5 701C4C
"2>59 B>@65AB25==>9 :@0AK
4>;3>, 4>;3> A;KH0BL 1C4C
"2>9 3C; 2 25G5@=85 G0AK.
;5A0, 2 ?CABK=8 <>;G0;82K
5@5=5AC, B>1>N ?>;=,
"2>8 A:0;K, B2>8 70;82K,
1;5A:, 8 B5=L, 8 3>2>@ 2>;=.
=5A:>;L:> 702C0;8@>20==>9 D>@<5 :>=F5?F8O B2>@G5A:>3> =0G0;0 :0: =5:>53> A25@EJ5AB5AB25==>3> 40@0, =5 ?>4G8=ONI53>AO 75<=K< 70:>=0<, ?@>A;568205BAO 2 5A=5 > 5I5< ;535 (1822):
>;E2K =5 1>OBAO <>3CG8E 2;04K:,
:=O65A:89 40@ 8< =5 =C65=;
@02482 8 A2>1>45= 8E 25I89 O7K:
A 2>;59 =515A=>N 4@C65=.
7>1@065=85 459AB28B5;L=>AB8, ?@>1;5< A>2@5<5==>AB8 A ?><>ILN 8AB>@8G5A:8E AN65B>2 O2;O5BAO >4=>9 87 B@048F89 @><0=B87<0. "0:, 2 AB8E>B2>@5=88 2848N (1821) CH:8= ?@>2>48B ?0@0;;5;L <564C A2>59 AC4L1>9 8 AC4L1>9 @83> ?>MB0, B0:65 A>A;0==>3> =0 15@53 '5@=>3> <>@O: 5 A;02>9 - CG0ABLN O @025= 1K; B515.
?5@8>4 C2;5G5=8O @><0=B87<>< AB0; G5BG5 2K@8A>2K20BLAO >1@07 ;8@8G5A:>3> 35@>O CH:8=0, G5;>25:0 687=5@04>AB=>3>, >?B8<8AB8G5A:>3>, ?@85<;NI53> 687=L 2> 2A5E 55 ?@>O2;5=8OE. 1@07 24>E=>25=8O : MB>4C 5I5 =5 ?@8>1@5; G5B:8E >G5@B0=89, :>B>@K5 ?@>O2OBAO 2?>A;54AB288.
AB8E>B2>@5=88 073>2>@ :=83>?@>402F0 A ?>MB>< (1824) < ?>?KB:C @50;8AB8G5A:8 >AMB8G5A:8E B@C4>2, ?5@5=5AB8 =0 1C<03C >1@07 A0<>3> 24>E=>25=8O, 0 =5 B>;L:> 53> @57C;LB0BK:
0:>9-B> 45<>= >1;040;
>8<8 83@0<8, 4>AC3><,
0 <=>9 ?>2AN4C >= ;5B0;,
=5 72C:8 482=K5 H5?B0;...
A>15==> ?@8AB0;L=> @0AA<0B@820NBAO >B=>H5=8O 40@>20=8O 8 A;02K:
;065=, :B> <>;G0 1K; ?>MB
, B5@=>< A;02K =5 C28BK9,
@57@5==>9 G5@=8N 701KBK9,
57 8<5=8 ?>:8=C; A25B!
=83>?@>4025F A>3;0H05BAO A ?>MB><, ?@0240, ?> 4@C3>9 ?@8G8=5: 'B> A;020! - /@:0O 70?;0B0 =0 25BE>< @C18I5 ?52F0. 0< =C6=> 7;0B0, 7;0B0, 7;0B0...
@>1;5<0 2708<>>B=>H5=8O ?>MB0 8 >1I5AB20 8 2 40;L=59H5< 2>;=>20;0 CH:8=0. AB8E>B2>@5=88 5;0=85 A;02K (1825) 8725AB=>ABL ?@87=05BAO =5>1E>48<>9 4;O B>3>, GB>1K 1@>A8BL 55 : =>30< ;N18<>9 65=I8=K, 2K720BL 2 =59 GC2AB2> @52=>AB8.
AB8E>B2>@5=88 >MB 8 B>;?0 (1828) ?@>2>48BAO 1 871@0==>AB8, >B25@65==>AB8 8 =5?>4:C?=>AB8 B2>@F0, >1;8G05BAO AB@5<;5=85 =51;03>40@=>9 B>;?K ?>2AN4C 8A:0BL ?@0:B8G5A:CN ?>;L7C (?5G=>9 3>@H>: B515 4>@>65). -B> AB8E>B2>@5=85 2K720;> @O4 :@8B8G5A:8E >B:;8:>2. ?5@2CN >G5@54L, MB> :0A0;>AL B>3>, :>3> 65 8<5; 2 284C CH:8= ?>4 A;>2>< B>;?0? G5284=>, ;N459, 40;5:8E >B ?>4;8==>3> 8A:CAAB20, 284OI8E 2 =5< ;8HL <0B5@80;L=K5 F5==>AB8. A>=5B5 >MBC (1830) MB>B ?@8=F8? 2>72>48BAO 2 01A>;NB:
"K F0@L: 6828 >48=.
>B82 871@0==8G5AB20 ?>MB0 72CG8B 8 2 AB8E>B2>@5=88 @8>= (1827), 2 >A=>25 :>B>@>3> ;568B 8725AB=K9 0=B8G=K9 <8D > 4@52=53@5G5A:>< ?52F5 @8>=5. !8<2>;8:0 AB8E>B2>@5=8O 1;87:0 : @><0=B8G5A:>9 B@048F88, B2>@G5AB2> @0AA<0B@8205BAO :0: 4CE>2=K9 B0;8A<0=, 70I8I0NI89 53> >1;040B5;O >B ;N1KE 687=5==KE ?5@8?5B89 8 AB8E89. ">, GB> 8<5==> B2>@G5AB2> 8 24>E=>25=85 40NB ?>MBC 40@ ?@>2845=8O 8 25;8G85, ?>4G5@:8205BAO 2 4@C3>< AB8E>B2>@5=88, =0?8A0==>< 2 <8E09-;>2A:>9 AAK;:5, - >MB (1827). > ?@8E>40 24>E=>25=8O ?>MB <56 45B59 =8GB>6=KE <8@0, 1KBL <>65B, 2A5E =8GB>6=59, => ;8HL 1>65AB25==K9 3;03>; 4> A;CE0 GCB:>3> :>A=5BAO, 4CH0 ?>MB0 2AB@5?5=5BAO, :0: ?@>1C482H89AO >@5;.
"0 65 845O, => 1>;55 ?>MB8G5A:8 G5B:> 2K@065=0 2 AB8E>B2>@5=88 @>@>: (1826). 8@8G5A:89 35@>9 2;0G8BAO 2 ?CABK=5 <@0G=>9, B><8< 4CE>2=>9 6064>9, 6064>9 B2>@G5AB20. 4@C3 ?>O2;O5BAO A5@0D8<, ?>A;0==8: >30, =045;ONI89 ?>MB0 A25@EA;CE><, A25@E7@5=85<, GB> A8<2>;878@C5B =0?@O65==CN 4CE>2=CN 687=L ?>MB0, A>25AB8 8 B2>@G5AB20. > 4065 8 B5?5@L ?>MB - B@C?, ;560I89 2 ?CABK=5. 8HL 1>30 3;0A... 2>7720;: >AAB0=L, ?@>@>:, 8 2864L, 8 2=5<;8, - :0: G5;>25: ?@52@0I05BAO 2 8AB8==>3> ?>MB0, 2KA>:>9 <8AA859 :>B>@>3> O2;O5BAO 3;03>;>< 65GL A5@4F0 ;N459.
A>1=O:>< 2 B2>@G5AB25 CH:8=0 AB>OB >A;0=8O F5=7>@C, =0?8A0==K5 2 ?5@2>9 ?>;>28=5 20-E 3>4>2, ?@54AB02;ONI85 A>1>9 ?>A;0=8O : F5=7>@C 8@N:>2C. =8 ?> ACB8 O2;ONBAO ;8B5@0BC@=K<8 AB0BLO<8 2 AB8E0E, >B@060NI8<8 273;O4 02B>@0 =0 @07;8G=K5 EC4>65AB25==K5 ?@>872545=8O, 7040G8 F5=7C@K 8 :C;LBC@=CN ?>;8B8:C ?@028B5;LAB20.
! 2>7@0AB>< 2 ?>M788 CH:8=0 ?@>O2;O5BAO B5=45=F8O >BE>40 >B ?@54AB02;5=89 > B2>@G5AB25 :0: > 701025, 15728==>9 H0;>AB8 8;8 :0: > A@54AB25 2>7459AB28O =0 >1I5AB2>. >M78O 2A5 1>;55 ?>=8<05BAO :0: ?CBL : 4CE>2=>25@H5=AB2C. 4>E=>25=85 C65 A0<> ?> A515 O2;O5BAO =03@04>9 70 2A5 3>=5=8O, ?@5B5@?5205MB><:
02=>, CAB0;K9 @01, 70153
>18B5;L 40;L=NN B@C4>2 8 G8ABKE =53.
AB8E>B2>@5=88 / ?074283 =5@C:>B2>@=K9 (1836) CH:8= :0: 1K ?>42>48B 8B>3 A2>5@G5AB2C, >1>A=>2K205B A2>8 687=5==K5 8 B2>@G5A:85 ?@8=F8?K. ">;L:> 8A:CAAB2> <>65B, 2 :>=5G=>< AG5B5, ?@0E ?5@568BL 8 B;5=LO C1560BL, ?>4=OBLAO 2KH5 ;5:A0=4@89A:>3> AB>;?0. @54=07=0G5=85 8A:CAAB20 2 B><, GB>1K ?@>1C640BL GC2AB20 4>1@K5, 2 65AB>:89 25: 2>AA;02;OBL A2>1>4C. A:CAAB2> =5 4>;6=> 7028A5BL >B <=5=8O G5@=8:
5;5=LN 1>68N, > A;CH=0,
184K =5 AB@0H0AL, =5 B@51CO 25=F0,
%20;C 8 :;525BC ?@85<;8 @02=>4CH=>
=5 >A?>@8209 3;C?F0.
<5==> MB8< ?@8=F8?0< 8 A;54>20; CH:8= =0 ?@>BO65=88 2A59 A2>59 687=8.



html-cAK;:0 =0 "5<0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 ;8@8:5 CH:8=0
BB-cAK;:0 0@3C<5=BK =0 B5<0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 ;8@8:5 CH:8=0
@O<0O AAK;:0 =0 A>G8=5=85 =0 B5<0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 ;8@8:5 CH:8=0 ?> ;8B5@0BC@5

!>G8=5=8O ?>E>685 =0 "5<0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 ;8@8:5 CH:8=0:

1) "5<0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 B2>@G5AB25 . !. CH:8=0
2) "5<0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 B2>@G5AB25 . !. CH:8=0
3) "5<0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 B2>@G5AB25 . !. CH:8=0 8 . .. 5@<>=B>20
4) "5<0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 ;8@8:5 . !. CH:8=0
5) "5<0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 ;8@8:5 . !. CH:8=0
6) "5<0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 ;8@8:5 . !. CH:8=0
7) "5<0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 ;8@8:5 . !. CH:8=0
8) "5<0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 ;8@8:5 CH:8=0 8 5@<>=B>20
9) "5<0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 ;8@8:5 . CH:8=0 8 . 5@<>=B>20
10) "5<0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 ;8@8:5 ;5:A0=4@0 !5@35528G0 CH:8=0
11) 1@07 ?>MB0-?@>@>:0 2 ;8@8:5 .!.CH:8=0 8 ... 5@<>=B>20.
12) 1@07 ?>MB0-?@>@>:0 2 ;8@8:5 .!.CH:8=0 8 ... 5@<>=B>20.
13) !C4L10 ?>MB0 87 =0@>40 2 AB8E>B2>@5=88 . . 5:@0A>20 "0 A<5@BL (52G5=:>"
14) 2KA>:>< =07=0G5=88 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 ;8@8:5 CH:8=0
15) CH:8= > @>;8 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788

>45;8BLAO A>G8=5=85< "5<0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 ;8@8:5 CH:8=0:


><<5=B0@88 : A>G8=5=8N ""5<0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 ;8@8:5 CH:8=0":

>BACBAB2CNB
Яндекс.Метрика