"5<0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 ;8@8:5 . !. CH:8=0
8@8:0 ;5:A0=4@0 !5@35528G0 CH:8=0 >G5=L @07=>>1@07=0, => 254CI55 <5AB> 2 =59 70=8<05B B5<0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788, 254L ?>MB8G5A:>5 B2>@G5AB2> 1K;> 53> >A=>2=K< 70=OB85<, 8 >= 2KA>:> >F5=820; @>;L 8 E0@0:B5@ ?>MB0. 3> ?5@C ?@8=04;560B 1>;55 45AOB:0 AB8E>B2>@5=89, @0A:@K20NI8E A @07=KE AB>@>= B5MB0 8 ?>M788. 06=59H85 87 =8E: @>@>: (1826), 073>2>@ :=83>?@>402F0 A ?>MB>< (1824), >MB (1827), >MB 8 B>;?0 (1828), >MBC (1830), -E> (1831), 7 5=48<>=B8 (1836), / ?074283 =5@C:>B2>@=K9... (1836). 0:>2K 65 2 ?>=8<0=88 CH:8=0 =07=0G5=85 ?>MB0 8 7040G8 ?>M788 2 MB>< <8@5?
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
B25@7;8AL 25I85 75=8FK,
0: C 8A?C30==>9 >@;8FK...
'5;>25: ?>;CG8; GCB:89 A;CE, 2<5AB> 3@5H=>3>, ?@074=>A;>2=>3>, ;C:02>3> O7K:0- 60;> <58, 2<5AB> A5@4F0 B@5?5B=>3> -C3;L, ?K;0NI89 >3=5<. > 8 MB>3> ?>;=>3> ?@5>1@065=8O, 87<5=5=8O GC2AB2 8 A?>A>1=>AB59 G5;>25:0 >:07K205BAO =54>AB0B>G=>, GB>1K AB0BL =0AB>OI8< ?>MB><: 0: B@C? 2 ?CABK=5 O ;560;. C6=0 5I5 2KA>:0O F5;L, 2KA>:0O 845O, 2> 8B>@>9 ?>MB B2>@8B 8 :>B>@0O >682;O5B, 405B A45@60=85 2A5 >= B0: 3;C1>:> 8 B>G=> 2848B 8 A;KH8B. 2 7025@H5=88 >A?>4L 2:;04K205B 2 ?@>@>:0 A2>N 1>65AB25==CN 2>;N:
>AAB0=L, ?@>@>:, 8 2864L, 8 2=5<;8,
A?>;=8AL 2>;5N <>59,
, >1E>4O <>@O 8 75<;8,
;03>;>< 638 A5@4F0 ;N459.
<5==> 2 MB>< 2848B CH:8= =07=0G5=85 ?>MB0: 5A;8 >3 >40@8; 53> ?>MB8G5A:8< B0;0=B><, B> 2AN A8;C 8 :@0A>BC A2>53> A;>20 >= 4>;65= 8A?>;L7>20BL B0:, GB>1K 459AB28B5;L=> 65GL A5@4F0 ;N459, ?>:07K20O 8< ?>4;8==CN, =5?@8:@0H5==CN ?@024C 687=8.
!B8E>B2>@5=85 073>2>@ :=83>?@>402F0 A ?>MB>< B0:65 ?>A2OI5=> B5<5 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788. >MB B>A:C5B > B5E 2@5<5=0E, :>340 >= ?8A0; 87 24>E=>25=LO, =5 87 ?;0BK. > A;020 ;8@8G5A:>3> 35@>O >B>1@0;0 C =53> ?>:>9: A25B C7=0; 8 @0A:C?8; 53> A;04:>72CG=K5 B2>@5=LO. > 3>=5=L5 =87:>3> =52564K 8 2>AE8I5=85 3;C?F0 2>2A5 =5 AB>OB B>3>, GB>1K B2>@8BL @048 =8E, AG8B0; CH:8=. !25BA:0O G5@=L =54>AB>9=0 24>E=>25=8O 25;8:>3> ?>MB0. >AE8I5=8N B>;?K, A;025 2 A25B5 ;8@8G5A:89 35@>9 ?@54?>G8B05B A2>1>4C. > :=83>?@>4025F 2>7@0605B:
0H 25: B>@30H; 2 A59 25: 65;57=K9
57 45=53 8 A2>1>4K =5B.
= E>G5B ?@8>1@5AB8 @C:>?8AL =>2>9 ?>MMB0 8 ?@54;0305B:
5 ?@>405BAO 24>E=>25=L5,
> <>6=> @C:>?8AL ?@>40BL.
'B> 6 <54;8BL?
>MB A>3;0H05BAO, => 2K@060O A2>5 A>3;0A85, @57:> ?5@5E>48B =0 ?@>7C: K A>25@H5==> ?@02K. >B 20< <>O @C:>?8AL. #A;>284065 A2>53> B2>@G5AB20 =8:0:>9 ?>M788 =5B. >MBC 40= 40@ >B >30, >= ?@8720= 3;03>;>< 65GL A5@4F0 ;N459, 0 =5 ?@>4020BL A2>8 AB8E8. > B0:>20 687=L, 8 2 MB>< - B@03548O 4;O 8AB8==>3> ?52F0, 4;O 25;8:>3> ?>MB0.
"@038G5A:>9 AC4L15 ?>MB0, 53> >48=>G5AB2C, B@C4=K< 2708<>>B=>H5=8O< A B>;?>9, B> 5ABL A25BA:>9 G5@=LN, ?>A2OI5=K AB8E>B2>@5=8O >MB, >MB 8 B>;?0, >MBC, -E>.
AB8E>B2>@5=88 >MB CH:8= ?>4G5@:8205B 1>65AB25==>5 ?@>8AE>645=85 ?>MB8G5A:>3> 40@0. ?5@2>9 G0AB8 ?@>872545=8O <, GB> ?>MB - >1KG=K9 G5;>25:, :0: 2A5; >= ?>3@C65= 2 701>BK AC5B=>3> A25B0:
>;G8B 53> A2OB0O ;8@0;
CH0 2:CH05B E;04=K9 A>=,
<56 45B59 =8GB>6=KE <8@0,
KBL <>65B, 2A5E =8GB>6=59 >=.
> 2> 2B>@>9 G0AB8 ?@>8AE>48B ?@5>1@065=85. @8G5< ?@52@0I5=8O 2 4CH5 ?>MB0 ?@>8AE>4OB 1;03>40@O 1>65AB25==>;C. 2 MB>< AB2>@5=85 >MB A@>4=8 @>@>:C. CBL 3@5H=8:0 ?> ?CABK=5 1K; AB>;L 65 15AF5;5=, :0: 8 701>BK AC5B=>3> A25B0, 2 :>B>@K5 ?>3@C65= ?>MB. > 2>B 1;03>40@O 2KAH59 A8;5 ?@>8AE>48B ?@5>1@065=85, 8 4CH0 ?>MB0 ?@>1C6405BAO, :0: 8 4CH0 ?@>@>:0. "5?5@L ;8@8G5A:>N GC64K 70102K <8@0 8 ;N4A:0O <>;20. "5?5@L >= B>A:C5B 2 B>9 A@545, 2 :>B>@>9 2@0I0;AO @0=55. @>@>: >B?@02;O5BAO : ;N4O<, GB>1K 65GL 8E A5@4F0 A;>2>< >688<. ?>MBC =5B <5AB0 A@548 ;N459, A@548 B>;?K, :>B>@0O =5 ?>=8<05B 53>, 8 >= 1568B, 48:89 8 AC@>2K9,
0 15@530 ?CABK==KE 2>;=,
H8@>:>HC<=K5 4C1@>2K...
= ?>;>= 72C:>2 8 A 24>E=>25=85 8I5B 2KE>40, 8 53> A2OB0O ;8@0 1>;LH5 =5 <>65B <>;G0BL. "0: @>640NBAO AB8E8, A?>A>1=K5 ?>B@OAB8 G5;>25G5A:85 4CH8, A?>A>1=K5 65GL A5@4F0 ;N459.
> =5 2A5340 ;N48 2=5<;NB ?@87K20< ?>MB0, =5 2A5340 >= =0E>48B ?>=8<0=85 A@548 =8E. '0I5 2A53> ?>MB >48=>: 2 >1I5AB25, 2 B>;?5, ?>4 :>B>@>9 ;5:A0=4@ !5@35528G ?>4@07C<5205B A25BA:CN G5@=L. 1 MB>< AB8E>B2>@5=85 >MB 8 B>;?0. CH:8= A>:@CH05BAO 8 =53>4C5B =04 :>A=>ABLN 8 3;C?>ABLN G5@=8, =07K20O 55 BC?>9, E;04=>9, =04<5==>9, =5?>A2OI5==>9. MB>< ?@>872545=88 ?>MB 2K?;5A:8205B A2>5 >BG0O=85 8 3>@5GL, 254L B>;?0 =5 ?@8=8<05B 53>, 8< =5 A;KH=K 8 =5 ?>=OB=K 53> ?@87K2K:
:0:>9 >= F5;8 =0A 2545B?
G5< 1@5=G8B? '5
B>;:CNB A5@4F5< E;04=K5 A:>?FK, :;525B=8:8, @01K, 3;C?FK. 5A=L ?>MB0 4;O =8E - ?CAB>9 72C:; >=0 =5 8<55B <0B5@80;L=>3> 2K@065=8O, ?>B>B25@305B B0:>5 8A:CAAB2>:
0:0O ?>;L70 =0< >B =59? -
3>2>@OB >=8. 525F 65 2K@0605B ?@57@5=85 : 15AA4C:
>48B5 ?@>GL - :0:>5 45;>
>MBC <8@=> 20A!
@072@0B5 :0<5=59B5 A<5;>,
5 >6828B 20A ;8@K 3;0A!
CH5 ?@>B82=K 2K, :0: 3@>1K.
CH:8= 2>72=>9 154=>ABLN B>;?K, 55 A>==K< ACI5AB2>20=85<, 157 ?>@K2>2 22KAL, 157 CAB@5<;5=8O : ?@5:@0A=> AB>8B <=5=85 B0:>9 B>;?K, =5 C<5NI59 CA;KH0BL 8 ?>=OBL 25;8:>3> ?>MB0? = =5 =C6405BAO 2 55 ?@87=0=88 8 ;N128. 525F =5 65;05B A5@4F0 A>1@0BL52 8A?@02;OBL, 254L B0:85 A5@4F0 ;8@K 3;0A =5 >682OB. ?>MB @>645= =5 4;O 68B59A:>3> 2>;=5=LO, 0 4;O 24>E=>25=LO, 4;O 72C:>2 A;04:8E 8 <>;8B2.
-B>9 65 B5<5 ?>A2OI5=> ?>A;0=85 >MBC. 2B>@ ?@87K205B 157K3> ?>MB0 =5 >1@0I0BL 2=8<0=8O =0 AC4 3;C?F0 8 A<5E B>;?K E>;>4=>9:
"K F0@L: 6828 >48=. >@>3>N A2>1>4=>9
48, :C40 2;5G5B B51O A2>1>4=K9 C<.
2B>@ CB25@6405B, GB> ;CGH89 AC4LO A2>5@G5AB2C A0< ?>MB. =5=85 =5?@>A25I5==>9 B>;?K, 3;C1>:> @02=>4CH=>9 : 8AB8==>9 ?>M788, =5206=>. > 5A;8 27KA:0B5;L=K9 EC4>6=8: 4>2>;5= A2>8< B@C4><, 7=0G8B, 53> B2>@G5AB2> 459AB28B5;L=> G53>-B> AB>8B. B>340
...?CA:09 B>;?0 53> 1@0=8B
?;N5B =0 0;B0@L, 345 B2>9 >3>=L 3>@8B,
2 45BA:>9 @572>AB8 :>;51;5B B2>9 B@5=>6=8:.
1 >48=>G5AB25 ?>MB0 8 =5?>=8<0=88 G8B0B5;59 3>2>@8BAO 8 2 AB8E>B2>@5=88 -E>. 0AB@>5=85 02B>@0 2 =0G0;5 8 2 :>=F5 MB>3> ?@>872545=8O =5>48=0:>2>. =0G0;5 CH:8= @0AA:07K205B > B><, :0: @>640NBAO AB8E8. N1>9 72C: ?>1C6405B ?>MB0 : B2>@G5AB2C, 2A5;O5B 24>E=>25=85: 8 @52 725@O, 8 3@><, 8 ?5=85 452CH:8, 8 :@8: ?0ABCE>2. # ?>MB0 =0 2AO:89 72C: 5ABL A2>9 >B:;8: 2 2>74CE5 ?CAB><. <5==> ?>MB><. >, :0: 8 ME>, >B25B0 =0 A2>8 >B:;8:8 ?>MB =5 ?>;CG05B. "0:8< >1@07><, :>=F>2:0 AB8E>B2>@5=8O ?5G0;L=0, 254L AC4L10 ?>MB0 ?>4G0A B@038G=0: =5 2A5 53> ?@87K2K ?@>1C640NB A5@4F0 ;N459, =5 2A5< 1;87:8 53> AB8E8.
AB8E>B2>@5=8OE >MB, >MBC, >MB 8 B>;?0 CH:8= ?@>2>73;0H05B 845N A2>1>4K 8 =57028A8<>AB8 >B B>;?K, A25BA:>9 G5@=8. ;5:A0=4@ !5@35528G 65;05B A>E@0=8BL =57028A8<>ABL A2>53> B0;0=B0 >B ?>AO30B5;LAB2 =0 =53> A> AB>@>=K A25B0. -B8< =0AB@>5=85< ?@>=8:=CB> AB8E>B2>@5=85 7 8=45<>=B8. >MB @0AAC6405B > B><, :0:0O A2>1>40 =C6=0 G5;>25:C. > <=5=8N 02B>@0, 3@><:85 ?@020 >A?>@820BL =0;>38 8;8 <5H0BL F0@O< 4@C3 A 4@C3>< 2>520BL =8G53> =5 7=0G0B. B =8E :@C68BAO 3>;>20, => @50;L=>9 A2>1>4K ?>4>1=0O A;04:0O CG0ABL =5 AC;8B. 'B> 65 70 ;CGH85 ?@020 8 ;CGH0O A2>1>40, :>B>@K5 ?>B@51=K CH:8=C?
...8:>
BG5B0 =5 4020BL, A515 ;8HL A0<>
!;C68BL 8 C3>640BL; 4;O 2;0AB8, 4;O ;82@58
5 3=CBL =8 A>25AB8, =8 ?>2, =8 H58;
> ?@8E>B8 A2>59 A:8B0BLAO 745AL 8 B0<...
<5==> MB> 02B>@ AG8B05B 2KAH8< AG0ABL5<, 8AB8==K<8 ?@020<8. -B> B0 F5;L, : :>B>@>9, ?> <8BLAO. :>=G0B5;L=>5 CB25@645=85 3@0640=A:>3> 4>;30 ?>MB0, ?>42545=85 8B>3>2 A2>59 B2>@G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 CH:8= >ACI5AB2;O5B 2 AB8E>B2>@5=88 / ?074283 =5@C:>B2>@=K9..., 345 3>2>@8B, GB> 2A5 53> =07=0G5=85, 25AL A B2>@G5AB20 70:;NG05BAO 2 B><,
'B> GC2AB20 4>1@K5 O ;8@>9 ?@>1C640;,
'B> 2 <>9 65AB>:89 25: 2>AA;028; O !2>1>4C
<8;>ABL : ?04H8< ?@87K20;.
!B8E>B2>@5=85 O2;O5BAO A2>5>1@07=K< 7025I0=85< ?>MB0. 1@0I0OAL : C75, 02B>@ ?@87K205B 55 1KBL ?>A;CH=>9 25;5=LN >68N, 2>A?@8=8<0BL @02=>4CH=> E20;C 8 :;525BC 8, 3;02=>5, =5 >A?>@820BL 3;C?F0. -B>B ?@87K2 >1@0I5= : ?>MBC, :>B>@>8B B2>@8BL 2 1C4CI5<.
AB8E>B2>@5=88 / ?074283 =5@C:>B2>@=K9... A>7=0=85 2K?>;=5==>3> 4>;30 ?5@54 =0@>4><. 4>;3 MB>B, ?> <=5=8N CH:8=0, 70:;NG05BAO 2 A;C65=88 >AA88, 2 70I8B5 ?5@54>2KE 8459 A2>53> 2@5<5=8, 2 ?@>1C645=88 ;N4A:8E A5@45F, 2 87>1@065=88 ?>4;8==>9, =5?@8:@0H5==>9 ?@024K 687=8. CH:8= 2=>A8B 2 ?>M78N ?@8=F8? 3@0640=AB25==>AB8, GB> 2?>A;54AB288 1C45B ?@>4>;65=> 4@C38<8 25;8:8<8 @CAA:8<8 ?>MB0<8.
!>G8=5=85 =0 B5<0 ?>MB0 8 ?>M788 2 ;8@8:5 . !. CH:8=0 ?> ;8B5@0BC@5
