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@074=8: ?@>4>;60;AO ?>GB8 4> ?>;C=>G8, ?>B>< ?>40;8 C68=. "@>5:C@>2 =0 =5< >BACBAB2>20;, ?>MB>AB8 25A5;8;8AL >B 4CH8. 701>G5= 1K; B>;L:> =B>= 0D=CBL528G. A5 A2>8 45=L38 >= =>A8; 2 :>60=>9 AC<:5 =0 3@C48, 8 B5?5@L 70=OB 1K; B5<, :0: 1K =0?@>A8BLAO =0 =>G;53 : >B206=>8BAO 1KBL >3@01;5==K<. !@548 =>G8 =B>= 0D=CBL528G ?>GC2AB2>20;, GB> A =53> ?KB0NBAO A=OBL 7025B=CN AC<:C. = =0G0; 1K;> :@8G0BL, => D@0=FC7 G8ABK< @CAA:8< O7K:>< ?@8:070; 5<>;G0BL.

 XI..

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C1@>2A:89, >2;0452 4>:C<5=B0<8 D@0=FC70, O28;AO : "@>5:C@>2C 8 ?>A5;8;AO 2 53> 4><5. = <0;> 70=8<0;AO !0H59, 4020O 5;=CN A2>1>4C, 70B> A 1>;LH8< ?@8;560=85< A;548; 70 <8 CA?5E0<8 A2>59 CG5=8FK. 4><5 2A5 ?>;N18;8 53>, =8:B> =5 ?>4>7@520;, GB> MB> 3@>7=K9 @071>9=8: C1@>2A:89.

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 XII

8BL 2 >:@>2A:>< ?>H;0 A2>8< G5@54><, :0: 24@C3 D@0=FC7 ?5@540; 0H5 70?8A:C A ?@>AL1>9 O28BLAO =0 A2840=85 2 15A54:C. 52CH:0 402=> 640;0 >1JOA=5=8O 2 ;N128, =5 7=0O, :0: 53> ?@8=OBL 1;03>A:;>==> 8;8 A =53>4>20=85 2 15A54:5 ?@>87>H;> A>25@H5==> =5>6840==>5. $@0=FC7 ?@87=05BAO, GB> >= C1@>2A:89. ;03>40@O ;N128 : 0H5 >= ?@>AB8; "@>5:C@>20, 8 B5?5@L ?@54;0305B 452CH:5 A2>5 ?>:@>28B5;LAB2> 8 70I8BC, 5A;8 B0:>2K5 ?>=04>1OBAO. 564C B5< ?@85E02H89 8A?@02=8: >1JO28;, GB> ?>4 8<5=5< D@0=FC70 A:@K205BAO C1@>2A:89. 8=C;8AL 8A:0BL 5D>@60 8 =5 =0H;8.

 XIII

57 2848<5= ?@>H5; ?>GB8 3>4. 0 A;54CNI55 ;5B>, 2 A2>5< 8<5=88, 2 B@84F0B8 25@AB0E >B >:@>2A:>3>, ?>A5;8;AO :=O7L 5@59A:89. ?OBL45AOB ;5B, => >= :070;AO 5I5 AB0@H5. >1I5AB25 >= 45@60;AO 4>2>;L=> ;N157=>, >A>15==> A 65=I8=0<8. 8@8;0 5B@>28G >1@04>20;AO B0:>A54AB2C. 0 ?@>3C;:5 70H5; @073>2>@ > C1@>2A:><, 8 8@8;0 5B@>28G @0AA:070; 5@59A:>1 8725AB=KE A>1KB8OE. =O7L >G5=L 2=8<0B5;L=> A;CH0; @0AA:07G8:0, 0H0 65 A845;0 :0: =0 83>;:0E. =O7L C5E0;, ?@83;0A82 "@>5:C@>2KE : A515. '5@57 420 4=O >=8 =0=5A;8 >B25B=K9 2878B 2 @10B>25, >:0702H55AO >B;8G=K< 8<5=85< 2 0=3;89A:>< AB8;5. @85< >:070;AO 25;8:>;5?=K<. 0 A;54CNI89 45=L "@>5:C@>2K C5E0;8, A3>2>@82H8AL 2A:>@5 A=>20 C2845BLAO A A>A54><.

 XIV

0H0 ?>;CG8;0 ?8AL<>. 5 CA?52 53> ?@>G8B0BL, >=0 1K;0 2K720=0 : >BFC, A>>1I82H5 ?@54;>65=88 :=O7O 5@59A:>3> 8 > ?><>;2:5 A =8<. B5F 2A5 @5H8; 70 =55. >72@0B82H8AL 2 A2>N :><=0BC, 0H0 @5H05B, GB> ;CGH5 A<5@BL 8;8 <>=0ABK@L, G5< 70 A :=O75<. =0 2A?><8=05B >1 CB@5==5< ?8AL<5. -B> >:070;>AL ?@83;0H5=85 =0 A2840=85 >B C1@>2A:>3>.

 XV

;048<8@ C65 7=05B >1> 2A5< 8 ?@54;0305B 0H5 871028BL 55 >B =5=028AB=>3> :=O7O. > 452CH:0 70?@5I05B C1820BL 5@59A:>3>, 8 C1@>2A:89 >15I05B 53> ?>I048BL. 0H0 =0455BAO C?@>A8BL >BF0, B@>=CBL 53>... A;570<8 8 >BG0O=85<. C1@>2A:89 A><=5205BAO 2 459AB25==>AB8 B0:8E <5@. 0H0 >15I05B ?>?@>A8BL ?>:@>28B5;LAB20 C1@>2A:>3>, 5A;8 4@C385 <5@K =5 ?><>3CB. 0 ?@>I0=85 >= 405B 452CH:5 :>;LF>. A;8 @5H8B5AL ?@8153=CBL :> <=5, A:070; >=, B> ?@8=5A8B5 :>;LF> AN40, >?CAB8B5 53> 2 4C?;> MB>3> 4C10. / 1C4C 7=0BL, GB> 45;0BL.

 XVI

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

 XVII

#B@>< 0H0 >A>7=05B 25AL C60A 8 157KAE>4=>ABL A2>53> ?>;>65=8O. 5>6840==> ?>4 55 >:=>< ?>O2;O5BAO !0H0, ?@54;030O 59 A2>N ?><>IL: / ?@8H5;, A5AB@8F0, C7=0BL >B 20A, =5 =04>1=> ;8 20< G53>-=81C4L. 0H0 >B405B 1@0B8H:5 :>;LF> C1@>2A:>3> A B5<, GB>1K !0H0 >B=5A 53> 2 4C?;> 4C10. 5 CA?5; !0H0 ?>;>68BL :>;LF> 2 CA;>2;5==>5 <5AB>, :0: =58725AB=K9 @K689 <0;LG8H:0 70?CAB8; @C:C 2 4C?;>. !0H0 :8=C;AO =0 =53>, ?@87K20O =0 ?><>IL 42>@>2KE. !04>2=8: AE20B8; <0;LG8H:C 8 >B25; : 8@8-;C 5B@>28GC. "@>5:C@>2 2KOA=O5B, GB> !0H0 >B=5A :>;LF> 2 4C?;> ?> ?@>AL15; A5AB@K, 0 <0;LG8: ?KB0;AO C:@0ABL 53>. 0 2>?@>A "@>5:C@>20 <0;LG8: >B25B8;, GB> >= 42>@>2K9 G5;>25: C1@>2A:>3>, :@0; 2 >:@>2A:>< <0;8=C. 0@8= B@51C5B C <0;LG8:0 :>;LF>. 0;LG8: @0760; :C;0: 8 ?>:070;, GB>, 2 53> @C:5 =5 1K;> =8G53>. 0;LG8H:C 70?5@;8 =0 3>;C1OB=5 8 ?>A;0;8 70 8A?@02=8:><. "@>5:C@>2 E20AB05BAO ?@85E02H5 A ?><> ILN ?>9<0==>3> <0;LG8H:8 >= A<>65B 4>1@0BLAO 4> C1@>2A:>3>. 0;L-G8:0 >B?CA:0NB, 8 >= :8405BAO 1560BL 2 8AB5=52:C. >ABCG02H8AL 2 >:=> 1;8609H59 871K 8 ?>?@>A82 C 101CH:8 E;510, >= 1568B : @>I5, 345 =0 53> ?@>BO6=K9 A28AB :B>-B> 2KE>48B =02AB@5GC.

 XVIII.

>:@>2A:>< ?@54A20451=0O AC5B0. 0HC >4520NB : 25=FC, A0<0 65 >=0 :> 2A5GB8 =0 @C:0E >B=>AOB 2 :0@5BC. 1@O4 25=G0=8O ?@>E>48B 2 ?CAB>9 F5@:28, :>B>@CN 70?8@0NB :0: B>;L:> <>;>4K5 BC40 2E>4OB. 0@LO 8@8;;>2=0 =8 > G5< =5 4C<05B, >=0 A A0<>3> CB@0 645B C1@>2A:>3>, =0455BAO =0 53> ?><>IL. >340 65 25=G0=85 70:>=G8;>AL, >=0 2A5 5I5 =5 <>3;0 ?>25@8BL, GB> 687=L 55 1K;0 =025:8 >:>20=0, GB> C1@>2-A:89 =5 ?@8;5B5; >A2>1>48BL 55.

0 >1@0B=>< ?CB8 2 @10B>2> ;N48 C1@>2A:>3> >AB0=02;820NB :0@5BC. '5;>25: 2 ?>;C<0A:5, >B:@K2 425@FC, 3>2>@8B 0H5, GB> >=0 A2>1>4=0. #7=02, GB> MB> C1@>2A:89, :=O7L 2KAB@5;8; 87 ?8AB>;5B0 8 @0=8; ;048<8-@0 2 ?;5G>. @5ABLO=5 2K2>;>:;8 :=O7O 87 :0@5BK 8 E>B5;8 70@570BL, => C1@>2A:89 >AB0=02;8205B 8E. 0H0 >B:07K205BAO 2KE>48BL 87-:0@5BK. / A>3;0A8;0AL, O 40;0 :;OB2C, 2>7@078;0 >=0 A B25@4>AB8N, :=O7L <>9 A2>1>48BL 53> 8 >AB02LB5 <5=O A =8<. / =5 >1<0=K20;0. / 640;0 20A 4> ?>A;54=59 <8=CBK... > B5?5@L, 3>2>@N 20<, B5?5@L ?>74=>. CAB8B5 =0A. C1@>2A:89, =5 A;KH0 55 ?>A;54=8E A;>2, ;8H8;AO GC2AB2, CA?52 A:070BL, GB>1K ;N459 :=O7O =5 B@>30;8. @5ABLO=5 C2>7OB ;048<8@0, =5 ?@>;82 =8 548=>9 :0?;8 :@>28, 2 >B2L A2>53> 0B0<0=0.

 XIX

>A@548 4@5 ;5A0 =0 C7:>9 ;C609:5 2>72KH0;>AL <0;5=L:>5 75<;O=>5 C:@5?;5=85, A>AB>OI55 87 20;0 8 @20, 70 :>8<8 =0E>48;>AL =5A:>;L:> H0;0H59 8 75<;O=>:. >4=>< 87 H0;0H59 A?0; @0=5=K9 C1@>2A:89, 3>@>2=0 ?@83;O4K20;0 70 =8<. >1>@>=5 C @071>9=8:>2 1K;0 4065 ?CH:0, 87 :>B>@>9 >=8 2?>A;54AB288 4>2>;L=> <5B:> AB@5;O;8. >7>@=K9 A>>1I05B, GB> 2 ;5AC ?>:070;8AL A>;40BK 2> 3;025 A >D8F5@><. 0ABC?0NI85 =0G0;8 1K;> >4>;520BL @071>9=8:>2, => C1@>2A:89 C18; >D8F5@0, 8 A>;40BK >BABC?8;8. 071>9=8:8 C:@K;8AL 2 :@5?>AB8. 0 8E ?>8<:C >B?@02;5=0 @>B0 A>;40B. @028B5;LAB2> >1@0B8;> 2=8<0=85 =0 45@7=>25==K5 @071>8 C1@>2A:>3>, ?@8:070=> 27OBL 53> <5@B2>3> 8;8 682>3>. > 70 =5A:>;L:> 4=59 4> MB>3> C1@>2A:89, A>1@02 A2>8E ;N459, >1JO28; 8<, GB> =0<5@5= =02A5340 8E >AB028BL, A>25B>20; 8 8< ?5@5<5=8BL >1@07 687=8, A:@K2H8AL 2 >B40;5==K5 3C15@=88. C1@>2A:89 27O; A A>1>9 25@=>3> G5;>25:0 8 8AG57, 3@>7=K5 ?>A5I5=8O, ?>60@K 8 3@01568 ?@5:@0B8;8AL. >@>38 AB0;8 A2>1>4=K. > 4@C38< 8725AB8O< C7=0;8, GB> C1@>2A:89 A:@K;AO 70 3@0=8FC.

1832-1833 33.

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