<=>3> ?>E>68E AB0B59.">
5H51=8:8:

2B>@ AB0BL8: @83>@L52 ..
@>70 >G8I05B 2>74CE.
$878G5A:0O 0:A8><0
...!<8@5=85 ?5@54 =0@>4=>N ?@024>N.
!;>20 02@5F:>3> 1
... GB>-B> A:065B =0@>4?..
>3>;52A:89 " 07J574" 2
8AL<> ?5@2>5
+ !+
I
>B GB> A:065B =0@>4!.. 4C<0; O, 2KE>4O 87 ;>68 2 :>@84>@ ?>A;5 B@5BL53> 459AB28O "@>7K", 70:>=G82H53>AO 8A:@5==59H8< 27@K2>< >1I53> 2>AB>@30 8 3>@OG8<8 2K7>20<8 02B>@0 3.
?5G0B;5=85 A8;L=>5, 3;C1>:>5 8 3;02=K< >1@07>< ?>;>68B5;L=> >1I55 ?@>872545=> 1K;> =5 2B>@K< 459AB285< 4@0B>@>5, E>BO 8 A =5:>B>@K< B@C4><, => 2A5-B0:8 <>6=> 5I5 ?@8BO=CBL : :0@0NI51;8G8B5;L=>4C ;8B5@0BC@K,-- 0 :>=F>< B@5BL53>, 2 :>B>@>< (:>=F5) @5H8B5;L=> =8G53> 8=>3> =5B, :@><5 ?>M788 =0@>4=>9 687=8,-- A<5;>, H8@>:> 8 2>;L=> 70E20G5==>9 EC4>6=8:>< 2 >4=>< 87 55 ACI5AB25==59H8E <><5=B>2, =5 4>?CA:0NI8E =5 B>;L:> >1;8G5=8O, => 4065 :@8B8:8 8 0=0;870: B0: MB>B <><5=B AE20G5= 8 ?5@540= ?>MB8G5A:8, =5?>A@54AB25==>. K =5 1K;8 5I5 =0 ?@54AB02;5=88, => 2K 7=05B5 MB>B 25;8:>;5?=K9 ?> A2>59 A<5;>9 ?>M788 <><5=B -- MBC =51K20;CN 4>A5;5 =>GL A2840=8O 2 >2@035, 2AN 4KH0ICN 1;87>ABLN >;38, 2AN 1;03>CE0NICN 70?0E>< B@02 H8@>:8E 55 ;C3>2, 2AN 72CG0ICN 2>;L=K<8 ?5A=O<8, "70102=K<8", B09=K<8 @5G0<8, 2AN ?>;=CN >10O=8O AB@0AB8 25A5;>9 8 @073C;L=>9 8 =5 <5=LH53> >10O=8O AB@0AB8 3;C1>:>9 8 B@038G5A:8-@>:>2>9. -B> 254L A>740=> B0:, :0: 1C4B> =5 EC4>6=8:, 0 F5;K9 =0@>4 A>74020; BCB! MB>-B> 8<5==> 1K;> 2A53> A8;L=55 ?>GC2AB2>20=> 2 ?@>872545=88 <0AA>N, 8 ?@8B>< <0AA>N 2 5B5@1C@35, 4828 1K 2 >A:25,-- <0AA>N A;>6=>N, @07=>@>4=>N,-- ?>GC2AB2>20=> ?@8 2A59 =587156=>9 (E>BO 7=0G8B5;L=> <5=LH59 ?@>B82 >1K:=>25=8O) D0;LH8, ?@8 2A59 ?C30NI59 @57:>AB8 0;5:A0=4@89A:>3> 2K?>;=5=8O.
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
0:0=C=5 ?@54AB02;5=8O "@>7K" O 4>;3> 3>2>@8; A 20<8 > <=>3>< 5, GB> 4;O <5=O 8, AC4O ?> A8 2>@C, 4;O 20A A0<8E A>AB02;O5B ACI5AB25==>5 25@>20=85 ?> >B=>H5=8N : 8A:CAAB2C 8 : 687=8. / A>18@0;AO 1K;> ?8A0BL : 20< @O4 ?8A5<, 2 :>B>@KE A 2>7<>6=>N 8 =C6=>N -- =5 4;O 20A, :>=5G=>, 0 4;O 4@C38E, G8B0B5;59 -- OA=>ABLN, A 2>7<>6=>N 8 A>25@H5==> =5=C6=>N, => AG8B0NI5NAO 70 =C6=CN 2 =0H5 >B2K:H55 >B >B2;5G5==>3> BG5B;82>ABLN, 87;>68BL ?>;>65=8O 8 ;>38G5A:8 687=5==K5 ?>A;54AB28O B>3> >1I53> 273;O40 =0 8A:CAAB2> 8 >B=>H5=8O 8A:CAAB20 : 687=8, :>B>@K9 O =5 @07 =07K20; 8450;L=>-EC4>65AB25==K<. 73;O4 MB>B -- =5 =>2K9 :0:>9-=81C4L,-- 8, AB0;> 1KBL, O =5 8<5N ?@5B5=788 =07K20BL 53> <>8< 273;O4><; =07K20N 65 O 53> B0:, B> 5ABL 8450;L=>-EC4>65AB25==K<, 2 ?@>B82C?>;>6=>ABL 42C< 4@C38<: 1) 273;O4C, ?@8A2>82H53>6, =>, 2 ACI=>AB8, B5>@5B8G5A:>:@CAB>2> ;>65, ?>4G8=ONI5;55 8;8 <5=55 C7:>9 B5>@88, B> 5ABL A>2>:C?=>AB8 ?>A;54=8E @57C;LB0B>2, 4>1KBKE @0AAC4:>< 2 ?>A;54=NN <8=CBC A>2@5<5==>9 687=8, 8 2) 273;O4C, ?@8A2>820NI53>, ?@>?>254K20NI55 48;5B0=BA:>5 @02=>4CH85 : 687=8 8 : 55 ACI5AB25==K< 2>?@>A0<, 2> 83>-B> 8A:CAAB20 4;O 8A:CAAB20, 0 ?>B>@074> 1>;55 70A;C6820NI5<0B5@80;L=>3>7, 3@C1> ;8 <0B5@80;L=>3>, B>=:> ;8 <0B5@80;L=>3>, MB> A>25@H5==> 2A5 @02=>. AB5AB25==>, GB>, ?@>B82C?>;030O 8450;L=>-EC4>65AB25==K9 273;O4 MAB5B8G5A:>< A<0N AB028BL 8A:CAAB2C :0:85-;81> 2=5H=85 F5;8 8;8 7040G8. A:CAAB2> ACI5AB2C5B 4;O 4CH8 G5;>25G5A:>9 8 2K@0605B 55 25G=CN ACI=>ABL 2 A2>1>4=>< B2>@G5AB25 >1@07>2, 8 ?> MB><>=> -- =57028A8<>, ACI5AB2C5B A0<> ?> A515 8 A0<> 4;O A51O, :0: 2A5 >@30=8G5A:>5, => 4CHC 8 687=L, 0 =5 ?CABCN 83@C, 8<55B A2>8< >@30=8G5A:8< A>45@60=85<.
<5AB> @0728B8O MB8E >1I8E >A=>2, 2<5AB> 704C<0==KE 1K;> <=>N G8AB> D8;>A>DA:8E 15A54, :>B>@K5 >B:;04K20NBAO =0 =5>?@545;5==>5 2@5 2A5-B0:8, 5A;8 =0:8?OB :>340-=81C4L, B> 1C4CB >1@0I5=K : 20<, O, 25AL ?>4 2;8O=85< 682>3> 8, A> 2A5<8 53> =54>AB0B:0<8, 8AB8==> <>3CI5AB25==>3> EC4>65AB25==>3> O2;5=8O, @5H8;AO ?>25AB8 A 20<8 <=>385 8 4>;385 @5G8 >1 AB@>2A:>< 8 7=0G5=88 53> ?>MB8G5A:>9 45OB5;L=>AB8,-- @5G8, :>B>@K5 ?@5645 2A53> 8 ?0G5 2A53> 1C4CB 8A:@5==8, B> 5ABL 1C4CB >B=>A8BLAO : A0<>9 ACI=>AB8 45;0, 0 =5 : G5 ?>AB>@>==5<>5 45;> =0<5@5==> 8;8 =5=0<5@5==> 70B5<=ONI5
A;8 =5:>B>@K5 87 >A=>2=KE ?>;>65=89 8 ?>A;54AB289 8450;L=>-EC4>65AB25==>3> 273;O40, 2 ?@8<5=5=88 : @0AA<0B@8205<, ?>B@51CNB ?> ACI5AB2C A0<>3> 45;0 4>2>;L=> ?>4@>1=>3> @0728B8O,-- O 1C4C 157 >?0A5=8O >B4020BLAO B0:8< B@51>20=8O< ?> 25AL<0 ?>=OB=>25@H5==> ?>=OB=K< <>8< G8B0B5;O<.
> ?>2>4C MB>3> O ?>72>;ON A515 A45;0BL =51>;LH>5, G8AB> ;8G=>5 >BABC?;5=85: ?@87=0BLAO 20< >B:@>25==> -- 60;>1K =0 =5?>=OB=>ABL <>53> >1KG=>3> 87;>65=8O <=5 A5@L57=> =04>5;8;8 81> O, :0: G5;>25: C15645=8O, ?>72>;ON A515 4>@>68BL <>8< C15645=85<. #15645=85 -- 5A;8 >=> 5ABL 459AB28B5;L=>5 C15645=85 -- ?>:C?05BAO ?> 1>;LH59 G0AB8 F5=>N CF5AA>2, 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 ?@>4>;68B5;L=KE ?5@52>@>B>2 2 4CH52=>< >@30=87<5,-- ?@>F5AA>2 8 ?5@52>@>B>2, =5 2A5340, :0: 2K 7=05B5, ;53:8E -- 0 =5 ?@8E>48B A 25B@0. :>< 5ABL A8;L=0O ?>B@51=>ABL 2KA:070BL A2>8 C15645=8O, 2 B>< >G5=L 5AB5AB25==> 8 65;0=85, GB>1K A =8<8, A MB8<8 A>AB02;ONI8<8 =@02AB25==CN 687=L G5;>25:0 C15645=8O<8, 8;8 A>3;0H0;8AL, 8;8, GB> B>G=> B0: 65 206=>, A?>@8;8. > A8E 65 ?>@ O 5I5 =5 8<5; C4>2>;LAB28O A?>@8BL :0: =8 A :5< 87 B5>@5B8:>2, B0: 8 =8 A :5< 87 MAB5B8:>2.
>B>2K9 A ?>;=>N 8A:@5==>ABLN A>7=0BLAO 2 3@5E5 =5:>B>@>9 B5<=>BK 87;>65=8O 8 =5:>B>@>9 87;8H=59 ?@82O70==>AB8 : 0=0;87C, O >AB0NAL, >4=0:>, ?@8 C15645=88, GB> C9 ;5=8, ;5=8 < GC6>9 ?>-=0AB>OI520BL =8 2 A515, =8 2 4@C38E. !60BK5 D>@A>DA:>3> 87;>65=8O -- @07C<55BAO, B0<, 345 >=8 =C6=K,-- 70<5=ONB A>1>N F5;K5 AB@0=8FK @57>=5@AB20, E>BO, :>=5G=>, B@51CNB >B G8B0B5;O A0<>2A5 @57>=5@AB2>< =5 B@51C5<>3>.
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
AB8=0 D8;>A>DA:0O, :0: 87OI=>5 ?@>872545=85, A2O70=0 A 8725AB=>N F5;>ABLN, 5ABL >@30=8G5A:>5 725=> F5;>3> <8@0 -- 8 F5;K9 <8@ 2 =59 ?@>A25G8205B :0: 2 F5;>< =545;8<><. A;8 4CH0 20H0 ?@8=O;0 55, 20A >1JO; C65 F5;K9 <8@ =5>1E>48<> A2O70==KE A =5N 4AB2>, 8AB>@8O 8 2A;54AB285 MB>3> =5>B@078<0O, 2;5:CI0O 2?5@54 A8;0 -- A8;0 687=8.
57>=5@AB2>, MB> -- 4035@@>B8?, A;CG09=K9, ACE>9, <5@B2K9, =8 A G5< @07C<=> =5 A2O70==K9, C@>645=85 <>@0;L=>3> <5I0=AB20, 53> ;N18<>5 G04>, 2KA865==>5 8<, :0: 3><.
II
>72>;82 A515, ?> :@09=59 =5>1E>48<>AB8, MB> =51>;LH>5 2ABC?;5=85 8 >1;53G82H8 =5A:>;L:> 4CHC 87;8O=85< <>59 3;C1>:>9 =5=028AB8 : @57>=5@AB2C, AB>;L =@02OI5;LH8=AB2C, ?5@5E>6C : 45;C.
/ A>18@0NAL, :0: O A:070;, ?>25AB8 A 20<8 4>;385 8 A>25@H5==> 8A:@5==85 @5G8 > 7=0G5=88 45OB5;L=>AB8 AB@>2A:>3> ?> ?>2>4C 53> ?>A;54=53> ?@>872545=8O, 2>71C640NI53>, ?> >1K:=>25=8N, :0: 8 2A5 ?@54H5AB2>202H85, @07;8G=K5 B>;:8, 8=>340, 8 4065 >G5=L G0AB>, A>25@H5==> ?@>B82C?>;>6=K5, 8=>340 C<=K5, 8=>340 ?>;>68B5;L=> 48:85, => 2> 2AO:>< A;CG05 1>;LH5N G0AB8N =58A:@5==85, B> 5ABL : 45;C =5 >B=>AOI85AO,-- 0 ?> ?>2>4C 45;0 2KA:07K20NI85 B5 8;8 4@C385 >1I5AB25==K5 8 =@02AB25==K5 B5>@88 :@8B8:>2-?C1;8F8AB>2. @8B8:8-?C1;8F8ABK -- 2>>1I5 ;N48 2 2KAH59 AB5?5=8 1;03>=0<5@5==K5, ?@>=8:=CBK5 A0==K< 8 A5@L57=K< A>GC2AB285< : >1I5AB25==K< 2>?@>A0<; B5>@88 8E, 5A;8 8 ?>4;560B A?>@C 2> <=>38E ?C=:B0E, :0: 2AO:85 B5>@88, => B5< =5 <5=55, ?@>2>4O ?>A;54>20B5;L=> 8725AB=K5 B>G:8 7@5=8O =0 687=L, A>459AB2CNB =5>1E>48<> : @07JOA=5=8N ACI5AB25==KE 2>?@>A>2 687=8; => 45;>-B> 2 B><, GB> MB8 B5>@88, :0: 1K C<=K >=8 =8 1K;8, 87 :0:8E 1K 70:>==KE B>G5: =8 >B?@028;8AL, 2 EC4>65AB25==>< ?@>872545=88 A;54OB, 40 8 <>3CB A;548BL B>;L:> BC 687=L, :>B>@CN 284OB A 8725AB=KE B>G5:, 0 =5 BC, :>B>@0O 2 =5<, 5A;8 >=> 5ABL 8AB8==> EC4>65AB25==>5 ?@>872545=85, ?@>A25G8205B A> 2A5< A2>8< <=>3>>1J5<;NI8< 8 2 >B=>H5=88 : B5>@8O< G0AB> 8@>=8G5A:8< A<. %C4>65AB2>, :0: 45;> A8=B5B8G5A:>5, 45;> B>3>, GB> =07K205BAO 24>E=>25=85<, 70E20BK205B 687=L 3>@074> H8@5 2AO:>9 B5>@88, B0: GB> B5>@8O A@02=8B5;L=> A =8< >AB05BAO 2A5340 =07048.
"0: >AB028;> =07048 ?>A;54=55 ?@>872545=85 AB@>2A:>3> 2A5 B5>@88, ?>-2848<>;L ?>154>=>A=> 8 ?>8AB8=5 1;8AB0B5;L=> 2KA:070==K5 70<5G0B5;L=> 40@>28BK< ?C1;8F8AB>< "!>2@5<5==8:0" 2 AB0BLOE > ""5<=>< F0@AB25" 11.
!B0BL8 MB8 =045;0;8 <=>3> HC >4=0 AB>@>=0 687=8, >B@0605<>9 ?@>872545=8O<8 AB@>2A:>3>, 70E20G5=0 2 =8E B0: <5B:>, :07=5=0 A B0:>N 15A?>I04=>N ?>A;54>20B5;L=>ABLN, 70:;59<5=0 B0:8< 25@=K< 8 B8?8G5A:8< A;>2><, GB> AB@>2A:89 O28;AO ?5@54 ?C1;8:>9 A>25@H5==> =5>6840==> >1;8G8B5;5< 8 :0@0B5;5< A0<>4C@AB20. => 254L 8 B0:. 7>1@060O 687=L, 2 :>B>@>9 A0<>4C@AB2> 83@05B B0:CN 206=CN, B@038G5A:CN 2 ?@8=F8?5 A2>5< 8 ?>A;54AB28OE 8 :><8G5A:CN 2 A2>8E ?@>O2;5=8OE, @>;L, AB@>2A:89 =5 >B=>A8BAO 65 : A0<>4C@AB2C A ;N1>2LN 8 =56=>ABLN. 5 >B=>A8BAO A ;N1>2LN 8 =56=>ABLN -- A;54AB25==>, >B=>A8BAO A >1;8G5=85< 8 :0@>N,-- 70:;NG5=85 ?@O<>5 4;O 2A5E, ;N1OI8E ?>42>48BL <3=>25==K5 8B>38 ?>4 2AO:CN ?>;>AC 687=8, >A25I5==CN A25B>< EC4>65AB20, 4;O 2A5E B5>@5B8:>2, <0;> C2060NI8E 687=L 8 55 1573@0=8G=K5 B09=K, <0;> 2=8:0NI8E 2 55 8@>=8G5A:85 2KE>4:8.
@5:@0A=>! !;>2> AB@>2A:>3> -- >1;8G5=85 A0<>4C@AB20 =0H59 687=8. MB>< 53> 7=0G5=85, 53> 70A;C30 :0: EC4>6=8:0; 2 MB>< A8;0 53>, A8;0 53> 459AB28O =0 <0AAC, =0 MBC ?>A;54=NN 4;O =53> :0: 4;O 4@0<0BC@30 8=AB0=F8N.
0 B>G=> ;8 2 MB>
5@C D0:B A0B 4065, A :>B>@>3> O =0G0; A2>8 @0?A>488, 0 D0:B B>;L:> 2>7<>6=K9 (C2K! :>340-B>, =0:>=5F, 2>7<>6=K9?) -- 15@C 2>7<>6=>5, 8;8, ?>60;C9, =52>7<>6=>5, ?@54AB02;5=85 ?5@2>9 53> :><5488 "!2>8 ;N48 -- A>GB5
AB@>C<=K9 02B>@ AB0B59 ""5<=>5 F0@AB2>" ?>;>68B5;L=>, =0?@8<5@, >B:07K205B 2 A2>5< A>GC2AB288 >;LH>2C 4065 8 2 B@038G5A:CN <8=CBC 687=8 MB>3> ?>A;54=53>... B:065B ;8 560;5=88 8, AB0;> 1KBL, 8725AB=>< A>GC2AB288 <0AA0?.. C1;8F8AB -- 4> G53> =5 4>2545B G5;>25:0 B5>@8O -- ?>GB8 GB> AB>8B =0 AB>@>=5 8?>G:8; ?> :@09=59 <5@5, >=0 C =53> 2:;NG5=0 2 G8A;> ?@>B5AB0=B>: 8 ?@>B5AB0=B>2 2 1KBC, >1C@5205<>< 8 ?>402;O5<>< A0<>4C@AB2>< 13. !?@0H820N 20A: :0: <0AA0 >B=5A5BAO : ?@>B5AB0=B:5 8?>G:5?.. >9<5B ;8 >=0 8?>G:C :0: ?@>B5AB0=B:C?
4@C38E :><548OE AB@>2A:>3> A8 G=> @07>94CBAO A A8 20, :0: ?>AB0@0NAL O 4>:070BL D0:B0<8 8 ?>4@>1=> 2?>A;54AB288. 254L MB> 2>?@>AK =5>B@0782A:89 ?@5645 2A53> 4@0<0BC@3: 254L >= A>7405B A2>8 B8?K =5 4;O 3. --1>20, 02B>@0 AB0B59 > ""5<=>< F0@AB25",-- =5 4;O 20A, =5 4;O <5=O, =5 4;O :>3>-=81C4L, 0 4;O <0AAK, 4;O :>B>@>9 >=, ?>60;C9, :0: ?>MB 55, ?>MB =0@>4=K9, 5ABL 8 CG8B5;L, => CG8B5;L A B5E 2KAH8E B>G5: 7@5=8O, :>B>@K5 4>ABC?=K 59, <0AA5, 0 =5 20<, =5 <=5, =5 3. --1>2C, A B>G5: 7@5=8O, 5N, <0AA>9, ?>=8<05
>MB -- CG8B5;L =0@>40 B>;L:> B>340, :>340 >= AC48B 8 @O48B 687=L 2> 82 -- 687=8 A0<>9 ?@8ACI8E, 0 =5 8<, ?>MB><, A>G8=5==KE. 5 4C<09B5, 40 2K, 25@>OB=>, 8 =5 ?>4C<05B5, GB>1K <0AA>N 745AL 720; O >4=C :0:CN-;81> G0ABL 25;8:>3> F5;>3>, =07K205<>3> =0@>4><. / 7>2C <0AA>N, GC2AB2>< <0AAK, B>, GB> 2 8725AB=CN <8=CBC A:07K205BAO =52>;L=K< >1I8< =0AB@>5=85<, 2>?@5:8 G0AB=>7=0B5;L=>7=0B5;L=>5=8N 2 20A, 2> <=5, 4065 2 3. --1>25 -- =0@02=5 A :C?F>< 87 ?@0:A8=0 @O40. -B> GB>-B>, A:07K20NI55AO 2 =0A :0: =5GB> D878>;>38G5A:>5, ?@>AB>5, =5@07;>68<>5, <>65< ?>402;OBL 2 A515 @0725 B>;L:> D0=0B87<>< B5>@88.
0B>, ?>A<>B@8B5, :0:85 A;54AB28O ?@>872>48B =0A8;LAB25==>5 ?>402;5=85 2 A515 MB>3> ?@>AB>3>, D878>;>38G5A:>3> GC2AB20; ?>;N1C9B5AL, :0: 4CH8 <>;>4K5 8 3>@OG85, C2;5G5==K5 D0=0B87<>< B5>@88, A:0GCB ?> 2A5< ?> B@5< 24>3>=:C 70 ?5@2K<8, 2KA:0702H8<8 8725AB=K< ?>;>68B5;L=K< >1@07>< 8725AB=CN, 8<5NICN A>2@5<5==>5 7=0G5=85 B5>@8N, 8 =5 B>;L:> 24>3>=:C, 0 2?5@53>=:C, 81> B5>@8O 5ABL 84>; =5C<>;8<> 604=K9, ?>AB>O==> B@51CNI89 A515 =>2KE 8 =>2KE 65@B25==KE B@51.
<55B5 ;8 2K ?>=OB85 > AB0B59:5, ?>O282H59AO 2 ">A:>2A:>< 25AB=8:5" ?> ?>2>4C "@>7K" AB@>2A:>3>? 14 !B0B59:0 ?@8=04;568B : G8A;C B5E :C@L57>2, :>B>@K5 1C4CB 4>@>38 ?>B><0 =540;5:>B>< >BKA:8205<5G0B5;L=K5 C:070=8O =0 1>;57=8 =0H59 =0?@O65==>9 8 @01>G59 M?>E8. 2B>@ 55 5I5 ?@5645 C4828; G8B0B5;59 =58AB>2>-=0?@O65==>N AB0BL59 > @CAA:>9 65=I8=5, ?> ?>2>4C ;><0=>9 =0BC@K (5A;8 =0BC@>N =07K20BL MB> <>6=>) ;L38 2 @><0=5 "1;><>2" 15. > C482;5=85, 2>71C6405<>5 AB0B59:>9 > "@>75", ?@52>AE>48B <=>38<8 AB5?5=O<8 C482;5=85, ?@>872545==>5 ?@56=5N. ! :0:>N =082=>N, G8AB> CG5=>N, B> 5ABL <>73>2>N, 0 =5 A5@45G=>N 25@>N, N=K9 (?> 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8) @5F5=75=B ">A:>2A:>3> 25AB=8:0" CA2>8; >AB@>C<=CN 8 1;8AB0B5;L=> 2KA:070==CN B5>@8N 02B>@0 AB0B59 ""5<=>5 F0@AB2>". 5 7=0N, AB0;> ;8 1K C A0<>3> 3. --1>20 AB>;L:> A<5;>9 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>AB8 2 ?@>2545=88 53> CG5=8:0 8 A5840. 065 A><=520NAL, GB>1K AB0;>; 02B>@ AB0B59 ""5<=>5 F0@AB2>", AC4O ?> 7@5;><0AB5@A:> 87;>65=8N,-- G5;>25: 27@>A;K9; 4065 3>B>2 ?>4>7@520BL, GB> 3. --1>2 2B8E><>;:C E>E>G5B =04 CA5@485< A2>53> A5840, 2B8E><>;:C ?>B> E>E>B0BL O2=> 1K;> 1K =54>1@>A>25AB=> A> AB>@>=K 3. --1>20. 54L "53> 65 4>1@><, 40 5<", 254L @5F5=75=B ">A:>2A:>3> 25AB=8:0", A>1AB25==>, B>;L:> ?@8;0305B 4>1@>A>25AB=> : "@>75" 8458 02B>@0 ""5<=>3> F0@AB20", B>G=> B0: 65, :0: 2 AB0BL5 > @CAA:>9 65=I8=5 >= B>;L:> ?@>2>48; ?>A;54>20B5;L=> 8 A 3>@OG8< M=BC7807<>< E>;>4=>-65;G=K5 8458 02B>@0 AB0B59 >1 >1;><>2I8=5. -= 0;LE>2A:89 -- 83> @5F5=75=B0 -- 3;C1>:> C25@>20; 2 B>, GB> AB@>2A:89 :0@0B5;L 8 >1;8G8B5;L A0<>4C@AB20 8 ?@>G53>, 8 2>B "@>70" 2KH;0 C =53> B>;L:> A0B8@>N, 8 B>;L:> 2 A= 59 7=0G5=85. KA;L 8 A0<0 ?> A515 48:0O, => ?>;N1C9B5AL 59 2 ?@8;>65=8OE: 2 =8E-B> 2AO A8;0, 2 =8E-B> 2AO ?@5;5ABL: 0B5@8=0 =5 ?@>B5AB0=B:0, 0 5A;8 8 ?@>B5AB0=B:0, B> 15AA8;L=0O, =5 2K=5AH0O A0<0 A2>53> ?@>B5AB0,-- :0B09 55, 0B5@8=C! C6 55 C6 A>2A5< =5 ?@>B5AB0=B,-- 20;O9 65 53>, <5@702F0! 728=8B5 70 F8=87< <>8E 2K@065=89, => >=8 <=5 ?@8E>48;8 =52>;L=> =0 O7K:, :>340 O A AC4>@>6=K< E>E>B>< G8B0; AB0BLN 3. 0;LE>2A:>3>, 8, :0NAL 20<, 2A;54AB285 AB0BL8 N=>3> A5840 3. --1>20, O =52>;L=> E>E>B0; =04 <=>65AB2>< ?>;>65=89 A5@L57=>9 8 C<=>9 AB0BL8 ?C1;8F8AB0 "!>2@5<5==8:0", @07C<55BAO, 27OBKE B>;L:> 2 8E ?>A;54>20B5;L=>< ?@8;>65=88. @>B5AB0=B:0 8?>G:0, ?@>B5AB0=B:8 0B@5=0 !028H=0 8 0@LO =B8?>2=0, ?>?820NI85 A G8=>2=8:0<8 <045@C =0 2>;L=>< 2>74CE5 ?>4 !8<>=>2K<... :0: E>B8B5, 0 254L B0:>3> @>40 ?@>B5AB0=B87< -- 2 8=CN <8=CBC =52>;L=> ?@54AB028BAO >G5=L 70102=K
> 254L A<5E A<5EC @>7=L, 8 2 <>5< A<5E5 1K;> <=>3> 3@CAB8... 8 <=>3> BO65;KE 2>?@>A>2 2KE>48;> 87-70 ;>38G5A:>3> :><87<0.
=5, ?@02>, 8=>340 =0H5 2@5< G8B0B5;N A<5;>, => 25@=>, 2 AF5=5 2KA>:>?>MB8G5A:>3> A>740=8O "Komedya nieboska" {"51>65AB25==0O :><548O" (?>;.).} 16, 2 :>B>@>9 ?>MB ?@82>48B A2>53> 35@>O 2 AC<0AH54H89 4>< 8 345 2 @07;8G=KE 3>;>A0E AC<0AH54H8E A;KH=K @07;8G=K5 AB@0H=K5 2>?;8 =0H53> 2@5<5=8, @07;8G=K5 B5>@88, 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 C@>4;82K5, 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 D0=0B8G5A:85; AB@0H=0O 8 3;C1>:>3> A;=5==0O AF5=0!
54L =5 B>;L:> 3. --1>2, 4065 A584 53>,-- ?> 2A59 25@>OB=>AB8, G5;>25:, 3;C1>:8<, E>BL 8 <>73>2K< ?@>F5AA>< 2K@010BK20NI89 A2>8 C15645=8O,-- =5 B>;L:>, 3>2>@N O, >=8 =5 A<5H=K A2>8<8 C2;5G5=8O<8,-- >=8 4>AB>9=K 70 =8E, @07C<55BAO, =5 2 @02=>9 <5@5, 8 A>GC2AB28O 8 C2065=8O. 54L <, A8< >B25B0 =0 AB@0H=K5 2>?@>AK C =0H59 <0;> OA=>9 =0< 687=8; 254L 20BK =8 2 B><, GB> 2>?@>AK MB8 AB@0H=K, =8 2 B><, GB> 687=L =0H0, MB0 687=L, =0A >:@C60NI0O, =0< <0;> OA=0 A =570?0<5=. 54L MB> ?>8AB8=5 AB@0H=0O, 70B5@O2H0OAO 345-B> 8 :>340-B> 687=L, B0 687=L, 2 :>B>@>9 @0AA:07K205BAO A5@L57=>, :0: 2 "@>75" AB@>2A:>3>, GB> "MB0 8B20, >=0 : =0< A =510 C?0;0" i7, 8 >B :>B>@>9, 70B5@O2H59AO 345-B> 8 :>340-B>, >B@5GLAO =0< =5;L7O 157 =0A8;8O =04 A>1>N, ?@>B82C5AB5AB25==>3> 8 ?>B>GB8 ?@5ABC?=>3>; B0 687=L, A :>B>@>9 < 8 A<8@5=85< ?5@54 =5254><>N ?@024>N :>B>@>9 2A5 ;N48 A A5@4F5<, ;N48 ?;>B8 8 :@>28 :>=G0;8, :>=G0NB 8, 4>;6=> 1KBL, 1C4CB 5I5 :>=G0BL, :0: $54>@ 02@5F:89, >1@5BH89 2 =59 A2>N 8A:>740==CN 87 55 A>:>2 87C; B0 687=L, :>B>@>9 2 ;8F5 30DL8 0B2552=K ?@8=>A8B 1;><>2 2 65@B2C 45;0==CN 8 87;><0==CN, E>BO 2=5H=5 3@0F8>7=CN, =0BC@C ;L38 8 2 :>B>@>9 >= 381=5B, 548=AB25==>, 2?@>G5<, ?> 2>;5 53> 02B>@0, 8 =5 <8@O =0A ?@8B>< =8A:>;L:> A2>5N 3815;LN A ;8G=>ABLN (B>;LF0.
0, AB@0H=0 MB0 687=L, :0: B09=0 AB@0H=0, 8, :0: B09=0 65, >=0 <0=8B =0A 8 4@07=8B 8 B0I8B...
> :C40? -- 2>B 2 G5< 2>?@>A.
>AB>@ 8 =0 A25B? 548=5=88 ;8 A =59 8;8 2 >B@8F0=88 >B =55, 3C1OI59 >1;><>2I8=K, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, 157KAE>4=>-B5<=>3> F0@AB20, A 4@C3>9, 70:;NG05BAO 4;O =0A A?0A5=85?
III
K 4>H;8 4> B>3>, GB> A B5<8 =@02AB25==K<8 =0G0;0<8, A :>B>@K<8 4> A8E ?>@ 68;8, 8;8, ;CGH5, ?@>7O10;8, 2 B5E >1I5AB25==KE CA;>28OE, 2 :>B>@KE ?@51K20;8, 8;8, 25@=55, :8A;8, 68BL 1>;55 =5 <>65<.
C4@5=> ;8, 5I5 @07, GB> C 2A5E O2;5=89 B08=AB25==>9 =0H59 687=8 8A:8205 A ;8, GB> 2> 2AO:>< EC4>65AB25==>< A>740=88, >B@0782H5< 2 A2>5< D>:CA5 =081>;LHCN AC<3> @>40, < >?@0240=8O 8 ?>4:@5?;5=8O B>3> AB>@K9 <8 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 25@=>, =>, 2> 2AO:>< A;CG05, A5@L57=>, ?@840;8 O2;5=8O<, 2A;54AB285 70:>==>3> @074@065=8O =5?@02K<8 O2;5=8O<8 8 5I5 1>;55 70:>==>3> 65;0=8O COA=8BL A515 B5<=K5 4;O =0A O2;5=8O?
A5 MB> =5 B>;L:> =5 , => A>25@H5==> ;>38G=>. A5< MB8< A>25@H5==> >1JOA=ONBAO @07;8G=K5 >B=>H5=8O =0H59 872545=8O< 8A:CAAB20, :>B>@K5 A:>;L:>-=81C4L A8;L=> 55 H525;OB.
@>2=K5 8;8 <>73>2K5, => (:0: B5, B0: 8 4@C385) A8;L=K5 8 459AB28B5;L=K5 2@064K 8 A>GC2AB28O 2=>A8< B=>H5=8O : MB8<, ?>-2848<><, G040< B2>@G5AB20 8 D0=B0788, 8 8=0G5 1KBL =5 <>65B.
'040, :0: 2AO:85 G040, 459AB28B5;L=> =528==K, => >=8 682K5 ?>@>645=8O 687=8. @5340 A>740=8O 8A:CAAB20 AG8B0;8AL @>A:>HLN, C25A5;5=85< 157 ?@8G8= 8 ?>A;54AB289, 402=> ?@>H;>. I5 <@0G=K9 <>=0E !02>=0@>;0, A>6830O =0 ?;>I048 !0=-0@:> 2> $;>@5=F88 <04>== 8B0;LO=A:8E EC4>6=8:>2 53> 2@5<5=8, ?>=8<0;, GB> =528==K5 G040 8A:CAAB20 <>3CB 2>71C640BL ;N1>2L 8 =5=028ABL, :0: 8 28=>2=K5 G040 687=8...
0H5 2@5;LH5 MB> ?>=8<05B. $0=0B87< A8 :@0;AO 4065 8 2 BC >1;0ABL EC4>65AB20, :>B>@0O =081>;55 GC640 =@02AB25==KE 8 687=5==KE B@51>20=89, =08<5=55 : G5 >1O7K205B,-- 4065 2 <0 5ABL >48= 87 O@:8E A8 <>2 AB@0H=>9 =0?@O65==>AB8 C3> 8 =@02AB25==>3> =0AB@>9AB20 =0H59 M?>E8 18.
> MB> A0<>B:070BL 2 C2065=88 8 A>GC2AB288 =8:0:>9 G5AB=>9 B5>@88, B> 5ABL B5>@88, @>482H59AO 2A;54AB285 G5AB=>3> 0=0;870 >1I5AB25==KE >B=>H5=89 8 2>?@>A>2, 8 25AL<0 B@C4=> >?@0240BL G5<-;81> 48;5B0=BA:>5 @02=>4CH85 : 687=8 8 55 2>?@>A0<, ?@8:@K20NI55 A51O A;C65=85< :0:> G8AB>@5B8:0<8 <>6=> A?>@8BL: A 48;5B0=B0<8 =5;L7O, 40 8 =5 =04>1=>. "5>@5B8:8 @56CB 687=L 4;O A2>8E 84>;>-65@B25=8KE B@51, => MB> 8<, <>65B 1KBL, <=>3>3> AB>8B. 8;5B0=BK B5H0B B>;L:> ?;>BL A2>N, 8 :0: 8<, 2 ACI=>AB8, =8 4> :>3> 8 =8 4> G53> =5B 45;0, B0: 8 4> =8E B>65 =8:><>65B 1KBL, 2 ACI=>AB8, =8:0:>3> 45;0. 87=L B@51C5B ?>@5H5=89 A2>8E 63CG8E 2>?@>A>2, :@8G8B @07=K<8 A2>8<8 3>;>A0<8, 3>;>A0<8 ?>G2, <5AB=>AB59, =0@>4=>AB59, =0AB@>5=89 =@02AB25==KE 2 A>740=8OE 8A:CAAB2, 0 >=8 A515 BO=CB 25G=CN ?5A5=:C ?@> 15;>3> 1KG:0, ?@> 8A:CAAB2> 4;O 8A:CAAB20, 8 ?@8=8<0NB =528==>ABL G04 3>-B> 15A?;>48O. =8 3>B>2K 70:840BL 3@O7LN 0=40 70 =5?@8;8G=CN B@52>6=>ABL 55 A>740=89, 8 <0=5@>N D;0<0=4A:>9 H:>;K >?@024K20BL ?CAB>BC 8 =87<5==>ABL G8=>2=8G5A:>3> 273;O40 =0 687=L 19. "> 8 4@C3>5 8< @02=> =8G53> =5 AB>8B!
5B! O =5 25@N 2 8E 8A:CAAB2> 4;O 8A:CAAB20 =5 B>;L:> 2 =0HC M?>EC,-- 2 :0:CN C3>4=> 8AB8==CN M?>EC 8A:CAAB20.
8 D0=0B8G5A:89 3815;;8= 0=B 20, =8 G5AB=K9 0=3;89A:89 <5I0=8= (5:A?8@, AB>;L =5=028AB=K9 ?C@8B0=0< 2A5E AB@0= 8 25:>2 4065 4> A53> 4=5, =8 <@0G=K9 8=:2878B>@ 0;L45@>= 21 =5 1K;8 EC4>6=8:0<8 2 B>< A9 E>BOB ?@840BL MB>=OB85 >1 8A:CAAB25 4;O 8A:CAAB20 O2;O5BAO 2 M?>E8 C?04:0, 2 M?>E8 @07J548=5=8O A>7=0=8O =5A:>;L:8E CB>=G5==>3> GC2AB20 48;5B0=B>2 A =0@>4=K< A>7=0=85<, A GC2AB2>< <0AA... AB8==>5 8A:CAAB2> 1K;> 8 1C45B 2A5340 =0@>4=>5, 45<>:@0B8G5A:>5, 2 D8;>A>DA:>< A3> A;>20. A:CAAB2> 2>?;>I05B 2 >1@07K, 2 8450;K A>7=0=85 <0AAK. >MBK ACBL 3>;>A0 <0AA, =0@>4=>AB59, <5AB=>AB59, 3;0H0B08 25;8:8E 8AB8= 8 25;8:8E B09= 687=8, =>A8B5;8 A;>2, :>B>@K5 A;C60B :;NG0<8 : C@07C<5=8N M?>E -- >@30=87<>2 2> 2@5<5=8, 8 =0@>4>2 -- >@30=87<>2 2 ?@>AB@0=AB25.
> 87 MB>9 65 A0<>9 =0@>4=>9, 45<>:@0B8G5A:>9 ACI=>AB8 8AB8==>3> 8A:CAAB20 A;54C5B, GB> B5>@88 =5 <>3CB >1=OBL 2A53> 682>3> AMB8G5A:8E ?@>872545=89. "5>@88, :0: 8B>38, 2K2545==K5 87 ?@>H54H53> @0AAC4:><, ?@02K 2A5340 B>;L:> 2 >B=>H5=88 : ?@>H54H5B>@>5 >=8, :0: =0 687=L, >?8@0NBAO; 0 ?@>H54H55 5ABL 2A5340 B>;L:> B@C?, ?>:8405 B5:CI5N 2?5@54 687=8N, B@C?, 2 :>B>@>< 0=0B><8O 4>15@5BAO 4> 2A53>, :@><5 4CH8. "5>@8O 2K25;0 87 8725AB=KE 40==KE 8725AB=K5 70:>=K 8 E>G5B 70AB028BL =0A8;LAB25==> 68BL 2A5 ?>A;54CNI85, @0A:@K20NI85AO 40==K5 ?> MB8< ;>38G5A:8 ?@028;L=K< 70:>=0<. >38G5A:>5 1KB85 A0=>2 =5A><=5==>, <>73>20O @01>B0 ?> MB8< >B2;5G5==K< 70:>=0< 845B A>25@H5==> ?@028;L=>, 40 845B-B> >=0 2 >B2;5G5==><, G8AB> ;>38G5A:>< <8@5, <8@5, 2 :>B>@>< 2A5 8<55B >G5284=CN ?>A;54>20B5;L=>ABL, AB@>3CN =5>1E>48<>ABL, 2 :>B>@>< =5B =58AG5@?05<>3> B2>@G5AB20 687=8, =07K205<>3> >1K:=>25==> A;CG09=>ABLN, =07K205<>3> B0: 4> B5E ?>@, ?>:0 >=> =5 AB0=5B ?@>H54H8< 8 ?>:0 ;>38G5A:0O 0=0B><8O =5 @0AA5G5B MB>3> B@C?0 8 =5 ?@83>B>28B =>2>3> 0??0@0B0 2 2845 =>2>9 B5>@88.
>3> 65 ;N18BL, :>
B> =5 87<5=8B =0< >48=?.. --
8<55B5 ?@02> A?@>A8BL <5=O 8 2K, 8 G8B0B5;8 <>8E ?8A5< : 20< A;>20<8 ?>MB0.
>3> ;N18BL? >4=C 25@8BL, ?>4A;CH820BL 185=85 55 ?C;LA0 2 <0AA0E, 2=8<0BL 3>;>A0< 55 2 A>740=8OE 8A:CAAB20 8 @5;838>7=> @04>20BLAO, :>340 >=0 ?@8?>4=8<05B A2>8 ?>:@>2K, @07>1;0G05B A2>8 =>2K5 B09=K 8 @07@CH05B =0H8 AB0@K5 B5>@88...
-B> >4=>, GB> >AB0;>AL =0<, MB> 8<5==> 8 5ABL "A<8@5=85 ?5@54 =0@>4=>N ?@024>N", :>B>@K< B0: A8;5= 20H @0718BK9 02@5F:89.
=0G5, 157 A<8@5=8O ?5@54 687=8N, < =5?@8720==K<8 CG8B5;O<8 687=8, =5?@>H5=K<8 ?5G0;L=8:0<8 =0@>4=>3> 1;03>45=AB28O,-- 0 3;02=>5, 1C45< ?>AB02;O5AB>O==> ;>6=K5 ?>;>65=8O ?5@54 687=8N.
IV
?OBL >1@0I0OAL : D0:B0<, ?>@>482H8< MB8 @0AAC645=8O, O C:07K20N, :0: =0 1>;L=>5 <5AB> A>2@5<5==KE B5>@89, =0 B>;:8 > 45OB5;L=>AB8 AB@>2A:>3>. !:>;L:> 2@5<5=8 MB0 G8AB> C65 A2>1>4=0O 8 A> 2A5<8 A2>8<8 =54>AB0B:0<8 F5;>AB=0O, >@30=8G5A:0O, 6820O 45OB5;L=>ABL CA:>;L70;0 87-?>4 =>60 B5>@89, =5 ?>44020;0AL 8E >?@545;5=8O<, 1K;0 70 MB> ?@5A;54C5<0, 2>2A5 =5?@87=0205<0 8;8 ?>;C?@87=0205<0.
/28;AO =0:>=5F >AB@>C<=K9 G5;>25:, :>B>@K9 2B8A=C; 55 2 B0:85 @0<:8, GB> AB0;> 2>7<>6=> ?><8@8BL A>GC2AB285 : =59 A A>GC2AB285< : 8=B5@5A0< 8 B5>@8O< <8=CBK, GB> >=0 ?5@5AB0;0 2K1820BLAO 87 >1I59 :>;58 :0@K 8 >1;8G5=8O. !>25@H8;>AL =0 3;070E G8B0B5;59 >4=> 87 C4828B5;L=59H8E ?@52@0I5=89. @0<0BC@3, :>B>@>3> >128=O;8, 8=>340 157 >A=>20=89, 8=>340 A >A=>20=8O<8, 2> <=>65AB25 =54>AB0B:>2, =54>45;>: 8 =54>A<>B@>2; ?8A0B5;L, :>B>@>4=>9 87 =0E0;L=59H8E AB0B59 >4=>3> ?>381H53> 6C@=0;0 >B:07K20;8 2 8AB8==>< B0;0=B5; 24 :>B>@>9, =5 <5=55 =0E0;L=>9, E>BO 1>;55 ?@8;8G=>9 AB0BL5 4@C3>3> 6C@=0;0, A>25B>20;8 ?@58 4C<0BL 8 4C<0BL 25,-- ?@52@0B8;AO 87 =0@>4=>3> 4@0<0BC@30 2 G8AB>3> A0B8@8:0, >1;8G8B5;O A0<>4C@AB20, => 70B> -- ?>;>68B5;L=> 1K; >?@0240= >B 2A5E >128=5=89. A5 28=K 2720;5=K 1K;8 =0 "B5<=>5 F0@AB2>", A0B8@8: 65 O28;AO @5H8B5;L=> 157C?@5G=K<.
>25@=5B ;8 >= :@CB>, GB>1K :0:-=81C4L A25AB8 :>=FK, E0@0:B5@ :0:>3>-;81> ;8F0; >AB028B ;8 >= :0:>5 4@0<0B8G5A:>5 ?>;>65=85 2 2845 =0<5:0; =54>AB0=5B ;8 C =53> 25@K 2 A>1AB25==K9 70<5;>AB8 4>25@H8BL ?> =0@>4=>, GB> 70G0;>AL ?> =0@>4=>20B =5 >=, 28=>20B> "B5<=>5 F0@AB2>", :>B>@>3> 157>1@0789 >= :0@0B5;L 8 >1;8G8B5;L. 'B> 70 =C640, GB>, ?@8;030O >4=C MBC <5@:C, 2K C@57K205B5 2 ?8A0B5;5 53> A02K5, A09AB20, ?@>?CA:05B5 8;8 =5 E>B8B5 2845BL 53> ?>;>68B5;L=K5, ?>MB8G5A:85 AB>@>=K; GB> =C64K, GB> 2K 70AB02;O5B5 EC4>6=8:0 84B8 2 53> B2>@G5AB25 =5 >B B8?>2 8 8E >B=>H5=89, 0 >B 2>?@>A>2 >1I5AB25==KE 8 N@848G5A:8E. KA;L, 27OB0O 70 >A=>20=85, A0<0 ?> A515 25@=0. 54L, >?OBL ?>2B>@ON, =5 >B=>A8BAO 65 4@0<0BC@3 : A0<>4C@AB2C 8 157>1@078N 87>1@0605<>9 8< 687=8 A ;N1>2LN 8 =56=>ABLN, =5 >B=>A8BAO, B0:, AB0;> 1KBL, >B=>A8BAO A :07=8N 8 >1;8G5=85<. Ergo pereat mundus -- fiat justitia! {>MB>381=5B <8@, => A>25@H8BAO ?@02>AC485 (;0B.).} 1I55 ?@028;> B5>@5B8:>2 459AB2C5B 2> 2A59 A8;5, 8 459AB28B5;L=> @07@CH05BAO F5;K9 <8@, A>740==K9 B2>@G5AB2><, 8 =0 <5AB> >1@07>2 O2;ONBAO D83C@K A O@;K:0<8 =0 ;1C, A0<>4C@AB2>, 7018B0O ;8G=>ABL 8 B. 4. 0B> AB@>2A:89 AB0=>28BAO ?>=OB5=, B> 5ABL B5>@8O <>65B 2K25AB8 53> 45OB5;L=>ABL :0: ;>38G5A:>5 ?>A;54AB285 87 45OB5;L=>AB8 >3>;O.
>3>;L 87>1;8G8; =0HC =0?>:07 2KAB02;O5D8F80;L=CN 459AB28B5;L=>ABL; AB@>2A:89 ?>4K<05B ?>:@>2K A =0H59 B08=AB25==>9, 2=CB@5==59, 1KB>2>9 687=8, ?>:07K205B 3;02=CN ?@C68=C, =0 :>B>@>9 >A=>20=0 55 <=>3>A;>6=0O <0H8=0,-- A0<>4C@AB20; A0< 405B 4065 MB> A;>2> 4;O >?@545;5=8O A2>53> 15AF5==>3> 8B0 8BKG0...
'B> 65?
#65;L 70304:C @07@5H8;8,
#65;8 A;>2> =0945=>? 26 --
B> A;>2>, :>B>@>5 =5?@5<5==> =5A5B A A>1>N 8 2 A515 AB@>2A:89, :0: 2AO:89 8AB8==> 70<5G0B5;L=K9, 8AB8==> =0@>4=K9 ?8A0B5;L?
65;8 B0:, B> =0945==>5 A;>2> =5 4>;6=> 1>OBLAO =8:0:>9 ?>25@:8, B5< 1>;55 ?>25@:8 687=8N. 65;8 >=> ?@028;L=>, B> 2AO:CN ?>25@:C 2K45@68B. 65;8 >=> ?@028;L=>, B> 87-?>4 53> H8@>:>9 @0<:8 =5 4>;6=K 2K1820BLAO =8:0:85 G5@BK B>3> <8@0, : :>B>@>=> A;C68B :;NG><. =0G5 -- >=> 8;8 2>2A5 =525@=>, 8;8 25@=> B>;L:> =0?>;>28=C: : >4=8< O2;5=8O< ?>4E>48B, : 4@C38< =5 ?>4E>48B. >72>;ON A515 ?@54;>68BL @07>< 2A5 =54>C<5=8O 8 2>?@>AK, 2>7=8:0NI85 87 ?@8;>65=8O A;>20 : O2;5=8O<,-- H03 70 H03><, 4@0<0 70 4@0<>N.
1) 'B> ?@028;L=>5, =0@>4=>5 A>GC2AB285, =@02AB25==>5 8 3@0640=A:>5, 2 "!5<59=>9 :0@B8=5" -- =5 =0 AB>@>=5 ?@>B5AB0=B>: 0B@5=K !028H=K 8 0@L8 =B8?>2=K,-- MB>, O ?>;030N, =5A><=5==>,-- E>BO 87 =5A>GC2AB28O : =8< =@02AB25==>3> =0@>4=>3> A>7=0=8O =5 A;54C5B A>GC2AB28O : A0<>4C@AB2C =B8?0 =B8?KG0 C70B>20 8 53> <0B5@8, : E0=65AB2C 8 3=CA=>AB8 (8@O;>20. > -- :0: 87>1@065=> A0<>4C@AB2> =B8?0 =B8?KG0: A 7;K< ;8 N<>@>< A0B8@8:0 8;8 A =082=>9 ?@024>N =0@>4=>3> ?>MB0? -- MB> 5I5 2>?@>A.
2) "!2>8 ;N48 A>GB5 :0@B8=0 >1I5AB20, >B@065=85 F5;>3> <8@0, 2 :>B>@>< ?@>3;O4K20NB <=>3>@07;8G=K5 >@30=8G5A:85 =0G0;0, 0 =5 >4=> A0<>4C@AB2>. 'B> G5;>25G5A:>5 A>60;5=85 8 A>GC2AB285 >AB05BAO ?> E>4C 4@0<>4C@0<8, 0 =5 70 ?@>B5AB0=B0<8 -- MB> 4065 8 =5 2>?@>A, E>BO, A 4@C3>9 AB>@>=K,-- =5 2>?@>A 65 8 B>, GB> AB@>2A:89 =5 ?>AB02;O; A515 7040G5N 2>71C645=8O B0:>3> A>GC2AB28O. 5B! >= B>;L:> =5 1K; A0B8@8:><, 0 1K; >1J5:B82=K< ?>MB><.
3) 'B> 2 "#B@5 <>;>4>3> G5;>25:0" 45;> 3>2>@8B A0<>4C@ 4O4O, 0 =5 ?@>B5AB0=B ?;565 5420 ;8 ?>4;568B A><=5=8N.
4) 8@ "54=>9 =525ABK" 87>1@065= A B0:>N A8 MB0 8 B0: <0;> 2 =5< A0B8@8G5A:>3> 2 87>1@065=88 B>3>, GB> <>3;> 1K 4065 2AO:>40BL ?>2>4 : A0B8@5, GB> =C6=0 =58<>25@=0O ;>38G5A:0O =0BO6:0 4;O B>3>, GB>1K A>GC2AB2>20BL 2 MB>< <8@5 =5 2KA>:>9, ?@8=>AOI59 A51O 2 65@B2C 4>;3C, ?>:>@ONI59AO, 65=A:>9 =0BC@5, 0 >4=>9 B>;L:> ?>381H59, E>BO 8 459AB28B5;L=> 1>30B>9 A8;0<8, ;8G=>AB8 C=8, :0: 3. --1>2. C=O -- A>740=85 1>;LH>3> <0AB5@0, 8, :0: 2AO:>5 A>740=85 8AB8==>3> EC4>65AB20, =>A8B 2 A515 2KA>:>=@02AB25==CN 7040GC; => 7040G0-B> MB0 -- A ?@>AB>9, 5AB5AB25==>9, 0 =5 A B5>@5B8G5A:>9, =0A8;LAB25==>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O -- 70:;NG05BAO 2>2A5 =5 2 ?@>B5AB5. C=5 ?@028;L=K< >1@07>< A>GC2AB2C5B <0AA0 =5 55 3815;8 8 ?@>B5ABC, 0 B5< ;CGH8< :0G5AB20< 25;8:>4CH8O, :>B>@K5 2 =59 CF5;5;8 2 A0<>< ?045=88, B>:>7=0=8N 3@5E0, :>B>@>5 A25B8BAO 2 =59, B>9 ?>:>@=>AB8 6@518N, :>B>@0O 2 55 A8;L=>9, H8@>:>9 8 @07<0H8AB>9 =0BC@5 F5=8BAO 242>5 4>@>65, G5< 2 =0BC@5 <5=55 AB@0AB=>9 8 1>30B>9.
"0:, ?> :@09=59 <5@5, 45;> 2KE>48B A B>G:8 7@5=8O ?@>AB>3> AAB>3> GC2AB20, 0 ?>-CG5=><, =5 7=0N, 2K945B, <>65B 1KBL, 8 8=0G5. B><, :0: 2AO <0=5@0 87>1@065=8O 8 25AL AB@>9 >B=>H5=89 : 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 2 "54=>9 =525AB5" ?@>B82>@5G8B <0=5@5 >3>;O 8 53> AB@>N -- O 5I5 745AL 8 =5 3>2>@N. / 15@C B>;L:> A0<>5 >G5284=>5, ?>=OB=>5, B0:>5, 2 G5< B5>@5B8G5A:89 <0AHB01 ?>;>68B5;L=>, =0 2AO:85 3;070, @0AE>48BAO A =0AB>OI8< 45;><.
5) :><5488 "5 2 A2>8 A0=8 =5 A048AL" -- =8:0:8<8 @0AAC645=8O<8 2K =5 4>1L5B5AL >B <0AAK =8 ?>=8<0=8O 2@540 >B A0<>4C@AB20 ?>GB5==>3> 0:A8<0 $54>BKG0 CA0:>20, =8 A>GC2AB28O : G5 8=><5 :0: : ?>;>65=8N B>3> 65 CA0:>20, : ?@>AB>9 8 3;C1>:>9 ;N128 >@>4:8=0 8 : =565AB>:>;>65=8N 154=>9 452CH:8, C2;5G5==>9 ?@>AB>B>9 A2>59 ;N1OI59 4CH8 -- 40 A>25B0<8 ?@>B5AB0=B:8 B5BCH:8 {><548O "5 2 A2>8 A0=8 =5 A048AL" 4065 O2=> AB@0645B 2 EC4>65AB25==>< >B=>H5=88 @57:>ABLN ;8F5?@8OB=>3> A>GC2AB28O : 75@5B8G5A:85 =0BO6:8 MB>3> =5 ?@8:@>NB. (@8<5G. An. @83>@L520.)}.
6) "54=>ABL =5 ?>@>:" -- =5 A0B8@0 =0 A0<>4C@AB2> >@45O 0@?KG0, 0 >?OBL-B0:8, :0: "!2>8 ;N48 A>GB5MB8G5A:>5 87>1@065=85 F5;>3> <8@0 A 25AL<0 @07=>>1@07=K<8 =0G0;0<8 8 ?@C68=0<8. N18< ">@F>2 2>71C6405B 3;C1>:>5 A>GC2AB285 =5 ?@>B5AB>< A2>8<, 0 <>3CG5ABLN =0BC@K, A>548=5==>9 A 2KA>:8< A>7=0=85< 4>;30, A GC2AB2>< G5;>25G5A:>3> 4>AB>8=AB20, CF5;52H8<8 8 2 3@O78, 3;C18=>N A2>53> @0A:0O=8O, 8A:@5==5N 6064>N 68BL G5AB=>, ?>-1>65A:8, ?>-752L >@4552=0,-- >48= 87 ?@5;5AB=59H8E, E>BL 8 A;53:0 >G5@G5==KE 65=A:8E >1@07>2 AB@>2A:>3>,-- =5 7018B0O ;8G=>ABL, 2>71C640NI0O B>;L:> A>60;5=85, 0 2KA>:0O ;8G=>ABL, ?@82;5:0NI0O 2A5 =0H5 A>GC2AB285, :0: =5 7018BK5 ;8G=>AB8 =8 0@LO =4@552=0, 2 "54=>9 =525AB5", =8 ?CH:8=A:0O "0BLO=0, =8 20H0 870. KB, A>AB02;ONI89 D>= H8@>:>9 :0@B8=K, 27OB -- =0 2AO:85 3;070, :@><5 3;07 B5>@88,-- =5 A0B8@8G5A:8, 0 ?>MB8G5A:8, A ;N1>2LN, A A8 G5284=K<8, A:06C 1>;LH5 -- A @5;838>7=K< :C;LB>< ACI5AB25==>-=0@>4=>3>. 0 MB> 4065 2>>@C68;8AL =0 AB@>2A:>3> 2> 4=8 >=K. >MB8G5A:>5, B> 5ABL ?@O<>5, 0 =5 :>A25==>5, >B=>H5=85 : 1KBC 8 1K;> :0<=5< ?@5BK:0=8O 8 A>1;07=0 4;O ?@8AO6=KE F5=8B5;59 AB@>2A:>3>, ?@8G8=>N 8E, 2 >B=>H5=88 : =56=>3> ?>;>65=8O, 87 :>B>@>3> 4C<0; 2K25AB8 8E 2A5E 3. --1>2.
7) 01@>A0==K9 >G5@: H8@>:>9 =0@>4=>9 4@0G5BAO" AB>;L <0;> -- A0B8@0, GB> 2 87>1@065=88 3;02=>3> A0<>4C@0, AB0@8:0 ;L8 ;L8G0, =5B 8 B5=8 :><87<0. 5B@5 ;L8G5 40;5:> =5 A0<>4C@AB2> ACI5AB25==0O AB>@>=0 E0@0:B5@0. A>740=88 @CH8, 8 4065 55 <0B5@8, 2845= 4;O 2AO:>3>, :@><5 B5>@5B8:>2, =0@>4=K9 ?>MB, 0 =5 A0B8@8:. @CH0 2 >A>15==>AB8 5ABL ;8F>, 87>1@065==>5 ?>;>68B5;L=>, 0 =5 >B@8F0B5;L=>, 87>1@065==>5 :0: =5GB> 682>5 8 4>;65=AB2CNI55 68BL.
8) A;8 1K A0<>4C@AB2> 8B0 8BKG0 1K;> >4=>N F5;8N 87>1@065=8O 2 :><5488 " GC6>< ?8@C ?>E<5;L5" -- >1I5AB25==K9 A9 :><5488 =5 1K; 1K B0: H8@>:, :0:>2 >= ?@54AB02;O5BAO 2 A2O78 55 A ">E>4=K< <5AB><", A "@074=8G=K< A=><", A AF5=0<8 "5 A>H;8AL E0@0:B5@><". 'B> 8B 8BKG A0<>4C@ -- =5B =8 <0;59H53> A><=5=8O, => B0:>3> <8;59H53> 8B0 8BKG0 A>740; ?>MB, 0 =5 A0B8@8:, :0: =5 A0B8@8: A>74020; $0;LAB0D0. 54L 20< 60;L @0AAB020BLAO A 8B>< 8BKG5<, 2K 65;0;8 1K 2845BL 53> 2 @07;8G=KE ?>4@>1=>ABOE 53> 687=8, 2 @07;8G=KE 53> ?>42830E... 0 8 A :><5488 =5 2 =5<. ><548O MB0, 2<5AB5 A 8AG8A;5==K<8 <=>N 4@C38<8, 70E20BK205B 45;> 3;C165 8458 A0<>4C@AB20, ?@54AB02;O5B >B=>H5=8O 75<>D8F80;L=><8@C 687=8. 04 8B>< 8BKG5< <0AA0 A<55BAO 4>1@>4CH=59H8< A<5E><. >@L:>5 8 B@038G5A:>5, => >?OBL-B0:8 =5 A0B8@8G5A:>5, ;568B =0 4=5 MB>9 :><5488 8 B@5E ?>A;54CNI8E 2 8455 =0H59 B08=AB25==>9 8 :0: B09=0 AB@0H=>9, 70B5@O2H59AO 345-B> 8 :>340-B> 687=8. >@L:>5 8 B@038G5A:>5 2 AC4L15 B5E, :>3> =07K205B :0@0AO<8 >AC652 ">E>4=>3> <5AB0", 1;03>@>4=59H0O ;8G=>ABL, :>B>@>9 ?@0:B8G5A:89 55 35@>87< =5 C:07K205B 8=>3> A@54AB20 68BL A0<>4C, :0: ?8A0BL ?@>H5=8O A> 2AB02;5=85< 2A5E >@=0<5=B>2. >@L:>5 8 B@038G5A:>5 2 B><, GB> "F0@L $0@0>= 87 <>@O 2KE>48B" 27 8 GB> "MB0 8B20 -- >=0 : =0< A =510 C?0;0". >@L:>5 8 B@038G5A:>5 2 B><, GB> CG5=L5 8 3@0<>B0 A;820NBAO 2 ?@54AB02;5=88 >BC?5;>9 75<, GB> ">B40;8 <0;LG8:0 2 CG5=L5, 0 5;>;8" 28,-- 2 B><, GB> 753> ;0305B 2 !0E0@5 !0E0@KG5 2;0ABL 8 A8;C =0?8A0BL B0:>5 ?@>H5=85, ?> :>B>@><>6=> B@>8E G5;>25: 2 !818@L A>A;0BL 29, 8 2 ;8F5 C<=>3> 20 30 -- A?@0254;82> 1>8BAO 2A53>, GB> =5 >=0, 75< ?8AL<5 !5@0D82=K : O 1C4C 7=0G8BL, :>340 C <5=O =5 1C45B 45=53? ">340 O =8G53> =5 1C4C 7=0G8BL! >340 C <5=O =5 1C45B 45=53,-- O :>3> ?>;N1;N, 0 <5=O, =0?@>B82 B>3>, =5 1C4CB ;N18BL. :>340 C <5=O 1C4CB 45=L38 -- O :>3> ?>;N1;N, 8 <5=O 1C4CB ;N18BL, 8 < AG0AB;82K" 31. >B 2 G5< 8AB8==> 3>@L:>5 8 70:C;8A=>-B@038G5A:>5 MB>3> <8@0, 0 =5 2 A0<>4C@AB25. !0<>4C@AB2> -- MB> B>;L:> =0:8?L, ?5=0, :><8G5A:89 >BA04>:; >=>, @07C<55BAO, 87>1@0605BAO ?>MB>< :><8G5A:8,-- 40 :0: 65 8=0G5 53> 8 87>1@060BL? -- => =5 >=> -- :;NG : 53> A>740=8O
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
3> ?8A0B5;O, 4;O B0:>3> 1>;LH>3>, =5A<>B@O =0 53> =54>AB0B:8, ?8A0B5;O -- =5 A0B8@8:, 0 =0@>4=K9 ?>MB. !;>2> 4;O @07304:8 53> 45OB5;L=>AB8 =5 "A0<>4C@AB2>", 0 "=0@>4=>ABL". ">;L:> MB> A;>2> <>65B 1KBL :;NG>< : ?>=8<0=8N 53> ?@>877545=89. AO:>5 4@C3>5 -- :0: 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 C7:>5, 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 B5>@5B8G5A:>5, ?@>872>;L=>5 -- AB5A=O5B :@C3 53> B2>@G5AB20. AO:8< 4@C38< A;>2>< B5>@8O :0: 1C4B> E>G5B A:070BL 5B 2 MB>9 :>;55 BK =0< A>25@H5==> ?>=OB5=, 2 MB>9 :>;55 =8205<, ?>B> 2 =59 BK 845HL : B>9 F5;8, :>B>@CN < 687=8. 0;LH5 =5 E>48. A;8 BK ?@5645 ?KB0;AO E>48BL -- I05<: 68< =0 B2>N 45OB5;L=>ABL B>@CN A>G8=8;8 4;O 55 ?>OA=5=8O, 8 >1@565< 8;8 A:@>5< 2A5, GB> 2KE>48B 87-?>4 55 C@>2=O!"
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
>O2;5=85 "@>7K" 2 >A>15==>AB8 >1;8G8;> 2AN =5A>AB>OB5;L=>ABL B5>@88. 4=8<8 AB>@>=0<8 A2>8<8 MB0 4@0<0 :0: 1C4B> 8 ?>4B25@6405B >AB@>C<=K5 8458 02B>@0 ""5<=>3> F0@AB20", => 70B> A 4@C38<8 AB>@>=0<8 55 B5>@8O @5H8B5;L=> =5 7=05B, GB> 45;0BL; >=8 2K1820NBAO 87 55 C7:>9 @0<:8, >=8 3>2>@OB A>25@H5==> =5 B>, GB> 3>2>@8B B5>@8O.
2>B 2 <0;>< 2845 ?>2B>@O5BAO 4;O =01;N40B5;O 2KH5C?><=>N AF5=0 87 "Komedya nieboska". B> 2 O@>< C2;5G5=88 B5>@859, 3=5B 8 ;><05B 2A5 >B=>H5=8O 4@01K A45;0BL 87 =55 A0B8@C; :B>, :0: @5F5=75=B " CAA:>9 3075BK", ;028@CO <564C !F8;;>N 8 %0@814>N, <564C B5>@85N 8 687=8N, =5 <>65B 40BL =8:0:>3> >@30=8G5A:>3> 548=AB20 A2>8< 273;O40< 33. B>, =0:>=5F,-- 5ABL 8 B0:85 -- 28=8B GCBL GB> =5 2 157=@02AB25==>AB8 G8AB>5 A>740=85 EC4>6=8:0 34. -- ou la verite va-t-elle se nicher? {:C40 B>;L:> =5 7015@5BAO 4>1@>45B5;L? (D@.).} 35 -- B>;L:> 2 :0:><-B> ;8AB:5, 2 :0:><-B> <0;> :>< ""50B@0;L=>< 8 < 25AB=8:5", 2A;54 70 ?@54AB02;5=85< "@>7K", O2;O5BAO 3>@OG0O, ?>;=0O 25@=>3> ?>=8<0=8O 8 3;C1>:>3> A>GC2AB28O AB0BLO, GC640O 2AO:8E B5>@89, >B=>AOI0OAO : 687=8 :0: : 687=8 36. !B@0==K5 D0:BK! => =5 A:06C, 3>@5AB=K5 D0:BK.
"5>@88 2A5-B0:8 : G5<>N A2>5N =5A>AB>OB5;L=>ABLN @0A:@K20NB =0< H8@5 8 H8@5 7=0G5=85 B08=AB25==>9 =0H59 687=8!.. :070;0AL C7:0 >4=0 -- O28BAO 4@C30O. 4=0 B>;L:> ?@074=0O 83@0 2 <>CA;0645=85 MB>N 83@>N -- =570:>==K 2 =0H5 :8?OI55 B@52>6=K<8 2>?@>A0<8 2@5@5B8:0< <>6=> ?>65;0BL B>;L:> =5A:>;L:> ?>1>;LH5 @5;838>7=>AB8, B> 5ABL C2065=8O : 687=8 8 A<8@5=8O ?5@54 =5N, 0 254L MAB5B8:0<, ?@02>, 8 ?>65;0BL-B> =5G53>!
8AL<> 2B>@>5
+" (
I
5 7=0N, =0A:>;L:> C40G=> -- => 2> 2A5< ?@54H5AB2>202H5< ?8AL<5 O AB@5<8;AO 4>:070BL, GB> AB@>2A:89 8 53> 45OB5;L=>ABL 2 1859 3>4C, =5A<>B@O =0 >AB@>C<=K5 2K:;04:8 3. -- 1>20 8 2A;54AB285 <0;>>AB@>C<=KE, => 70B> ?>A;54>20B5;L=KE 8B>3>2, ?>42545==KE ?>4 2K:;04:0<8 N=K<8 ?>A;54>20B5;O<8 =>2>3> CG8B5;O, >AB0NBAO B0:8< 65, 5I5 =5>1JOA=5==K<, 5I5 70304>G=K< O2;5=85<, :0:8< >=8 1K;8 2 1852 8;8 1853 3>40E. 'B>1K 1KBL A>25@H5==> 8A:@5==8< 8 15A?@8AB@0AB=K< 2 >B=>H5=88 : @0AA<0B@8205<><=>N 45;C, O 4>;65= 4>A:070BL B>, G53> =5 4>A:070; 2 ?@54H5AB2>202H5< @0AAC645=88, 0 8<5==>: GB> 45OB5;L=>ABL AB@>2A:>3> A0<0 ?@54AB02;O5BAO :0: 1C4B> @0742>5==>N, GB> AB@>2A:89 2 "54=>9 =525AB5", 2 "5 B0: 6828, :0: E>G5BAO" ?>;>68B5;L=> =5 ?>4E>48B =8:0:8<8 A2>8<8 AB>@>=0<8 ?>4 =0G0;0 B5>@88 3. --1>20 8 GB> AB@>2A:89 2 :><548OE: " GC6>< ?8@C ?>E<5;L5", ">E>4=>5 <5AB>", "5 A>H;8AL E0@0:B5@><", ">A?8B0==8F0",-- =0:>=5F, 2 A0<>9 "@>75" <=>38<8 AB>@>=0<8 :0: 1C4B> 2K720; B5>@8N > "B5<=>< F0@AB25", 8 -- >?OBL ?>2B>@ON -- B>;L:> :@09=OO 8A:@5==>ABL 8 3>@OG0O A<5;>ABL ?>A;54>20B5;59 3. --1>20 <>3;0 B0: @0=> >1;8G8BL =5A>AB>OB5;L=>ABL B5>@88.
@C38<8 A;>20<8, >1;8G5=85 2> 2=CB@5==59 1KB>2>9 AB>@>=5 =0H59 687=8 <8@0 A0<>4C@AB20, BC?>C<8O, 7018B>AB8 8 ?@>G., =5?@8;>68<>5 =8A:>;L:> : ?5@2><0B8G5A:8E ?@>872545=89, ?@8;0305BAO A 1>;LH8< CA?5E>< :> 2B>@><0N 4065 B0:, GB> 3. --1>2, E>BO 8 >4=>AB>@>==5, => ;>38G5A:8 25@=> 2K25; B5>@8N 87 2=8<0B5;L=>3> 87CG5=8O <=>38E 8 ?@8B>< 25AL<0 O@:8E AB>@>= 2B>@>3> @07@O40 :><5489, 8 ?>B><, C2;5G5==K9 AB@0ABLN : ;>38G5A:8< 2K2>40< quand meme {2>?@5:8 2A5 GB> 1K B> =8 AB0;> (D@.).}, 2>?@5:8 A0<>9 687=8, ?>425; ?>4 ;>38G5A:89 C@>25=L 8 :><5488 ?5@2>3> @07@O40: 8=0G5 MB>3> =0A8;>20=8O 8 >1JOA=8BL A515 =52>7<>6=>. 5 ?@54?>;030BL 65 A> AB>@>=K :@8B8:0, B> 5ABL >1I5AB25==>3> @07JOA=8B5;O, >1O70==>3> A2>8< 720=85< 8A:0BL A5@L57=> ?@024K 8 A5@L57=> 65 ?5@54020BL @57C;LB0BK A2>8E 8A:0=89,-- =5 ?@54?>;030BL 65, 3>2>@N O, A>7=0B5;L=CN, =0<5@5==CN C;>2:C, 45A?>B8G5A:>5 65;0=85 70AB028BL 687=L 8 55 O2;5=8O 68BL, =07;> 8E A>1AB25==> 70:>=0< B5>@88? ;8 C6 2A5 B5>@5B8:8 ?> =0BC@5 15AA>7=0B5;L=> 45A?>BK, 8 >1> 2AO:>< 87 =8E <>65B 1KBL A:070=> 2 8725AB=>< >B=>H5=88 B>, GB> ?CH:8=A:89 075?0 3>2>@8B > 0@;5 XII:
0: ?>;: 25@B5BLAO >= AC4L1C
0AB028BL E>G5B 10@010=>
84=>, B0:! > :0: 1K B> =8 1K;>, 0 ?5@54 =0<8 2A5-B0:8 =5@07JOA=5==>5, 4065 -- :0: :065BAO ?> ?@82545==><=>N @0745;5=8N A;>52 -- @0742>5==>5, ?@>B82>@5G0I55 A0<> A515 O2;5=85; ?5@54 =0<8 45;>, ?5@5E>482H55 =5A:>;L:> 8=AB0=F89, 2 :064>9 @5H5==>5 @07;8G=K< >1@07>< 8 A0<>, ?>-2848<>402H55 ?>2>4 : B0:8< @07;8G=K< @5H5=8O<.
'B> 65 MB> B0:>5? A0<>< ;8 45;5 AB@>2A:89, =0G8=0O A :><5488 " GC6>< ?8@C ?>E<5;L5", 845B 8=K< ?CB5<, 0 =5 B5<, :>B>@K< >= ?>H5;, ?>A;5 ?5@2>9 A2>59 :><5488, 2 "54=>9 =525AB5" 8 4@C38E ?@>872545=8OE? :>B>@K9 87 MB8E 42CE ?CB59 C:07K20;> 5 ?@8720=85, 5A;8 420 ?CB8 459AB28B5;L=> 1K;8,-- 0 >=8, MB8 420 ?CB8, O2;ONBAO =5>1E>48<>, 5A;8 B>;L:> ?@8=OBL 70 >1JOA=5=85 45OB5;L=>AB8 AB@>2A:>3> B5>@8N 3. --1>20? 2 :>B>@>< 87 42CE ?5@2KE, @02=> :0?8B0;L=KE ?@>872545=89 AB@>2A:>3>, @02=> H8@>:> >1=8<0NI8E 87>1@065==K5 2 =8E <8@K: 2 "!2>8 ;N48 A>GB59 =525AB5", 2K@078;>AL 2 >A>15==>AB8 ?@8720=85 AB@>2A:>3>, 53> 7040G0, 53> EC4>65AB25==>->1I5AB25==>5 A;>2>? , =0:>=5F, B>G=> ;8 5ABL 2 45OB5;L=>AB8 =0H53> ?5@2>3> 8 548=AB25==>3> =0@>4=>3> 4@0<0BC@30 @0742>5=85?.. >B 2>?@>AK, :>B>@K5 =5>1E>48<> B@51CNB @07@5H5=8O,-- 0 <564C B5< =8A:>;L:> =5 @07@5H5=K, 0 A:>@55 70?CB0=K B5>@859 ?C1;8F8AB0 "!>2@5<5==8:0", 8 157 @07@5H5=8O :>B>@KE AB@>2A:89 >AB05BAO, ?>2B>@ON >?OBL, 2A5-B0:8 70304>G=K<, =5?>=OB=K< O2;5=85<, :0: 2 B5 4=8, :>340 2K@065=85 "=>2>5 A;>2>", C?>B@51;5==>5 20H8< ?>:>@=59H8< A;C3>N ?> ?>2>4C "54=>9 =525ABK", 2>71C640;> B0:85 3;C<;5=8O 2 ?5B5@1C@3A:8E :@8B8:0E 2.
II
5OB5;L=>ABL AB@>2A:>3> =0G8=05BAO, A>1AB25==>, A 1847 3>40. ;O ?>;=>BK <>8E :@8B8G5A:8E >G5@:>2 ?@82>6C ?5@5G5=L 2A53> 8< =0?8A0==>3> 4> :><5488 " GC6>< ?8@C ?>E<5;L5", :0: 3@0=8 2B>@>9 ?>;>AK 53> @0728B8O, 2 E@>=>;>38G5A:>< ?>@O4:5.
1) "!5<59=0O :0@B8=0". 0?5G0B0=0 2 ">A:>2A:>< 3>@>4A:>< ;8AB:5" 1847 3>40 3, ?5@5?5G0B0=0 157 ?5@5<5= 2 ?>;=>< A>1@0=88 A>G8=5=89 1859 3>40. MB>9 65, B>;L:> 3>4 8740202H59AO 3075B5 =0?5G0B0=0 AF5=0 87 :><5488 "!2>8 ;N48 A>GB5A82H59 B>340 =0720=L5: "0=:@CB", AF5=0, ?>4?8A0==0O 1C:20<8 . . 8 . . -- 1C:20<8, ?>402H8<8 2?>A;54AB288 ?>2>4 : 60;:>9 8AB>@88, =5<0;>5 2@5<82H59 =5:>B>@K5 6C@=0;K 8 3075BK 4.
2) "G5@:8 0<>A:2>@5GLO", =51>;LH>9 @0AA:07 2 ">A:>2A:>< 3>@>4A:>< ;8AB:5" 1847 3>40, =5 2>H54H89, : A>60;5=8N, 2 ?>;=>5 A>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89 1859 3>40.
3) "!2>8 ;N48 A>GB5<548O 2 G5BK@5E 459AB28OE, 2 ">A:28BO=8=5" 1850 3>40 8 >B45;L=>9 :=86:>9. 0?5G0B0=0 A =5:>B>@K<8 A>:@0I5=8O<8 8 87<5=5=85< :>=F0 (25AL<0 =5C40G=K<, :@><5 ?@8102:8 >4=>9, O@:>9 8 2 2KAH59 AB5?5=8 7=0<5=0B5;L=>9, G5@BK 2 E0@0:B5@5 070@O) 5 2 ?>;=>< A>1@0=88 A>G8=5=89.
4) "#B@> <>;>4>3> G5;>25:0", 2 ">A:28BO=8=5" 1850 3>40. 5@5?5G0B0=> 157 ?5@5<5= 2 ?>;=>< A>1@0=88 A>G8=5=89.
5) "5>6840==K9 A;CG09", AF5=K,-- 2 0;L<0=0E5 "><5B0" 1851 3>40. 5 2>H;> 2 A>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89.
6) "54=0O =525AB0", :><548O 2 ?OB8 459AB28OE,-- 2 ">A:28BO=8=5" 1852 3>40. 5@5?5G0B0=0 2 ?5@2>< B><5 A>G8=5=89.
7) "5 2 A2>8 A0=8 =5 A048AL", :><548O 2 B@5E 459AB28OE,-- 2 ">A:28BO=8=5" 1853 3>40 8 2 1-< B><5 A>G8=5=89.
8) "54=>ABL =5 ?>@>:", :><548O 2 B@5E 459AB28OE, =0?5G0B0=0 157 ?5@5<5= 2> 2-< B><5 A>G8=5=89.
9) "5 B0: 6828, :0: E>G5BAO", =0@>4=0O 4@0<0 2 B@5E 459AB28OE 2 ">A:28BO=8=5" 1855 3>40. 5@5?5G0B0=0 2> 2-< B><5 A>G8=5=89, A =51>;LH8<8, => 25AL<0 8=B5@5A=K<8 4;O :@8B8:0 ?>?@02:0<8, >1;8G0NI8<8 AB@0==CN H0B:>ABL >B=>H5=89 ?>MB0 : A2>5<>65B 1KBL, ;N18<> ?>G5 =52K=>A82H5
0 MB>< ?@>872545=88 O ?>:0 >AB0=02;820NAL. 45AL 3@0=L 2A53> =5A><=5==>3>. 0 "5 B0: 6828, :0: E>G5BAO", B> 5ABL A :><5488 " GC6>< ?8@C ?>E<5;L5", =0G8=05BAO >1;0ABL A?>@=>3>.
!0<>5 ?5@2>5 87 MB8E 8AG8A;5==KE <=>N, 1>;LH8E 8 =51>;LH8E, 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 C40G=KE, ?@>872545=89 =>A8;> =0 A515 O@:CN ?5G0BL A0<>1KB=>AB8 B0;0=B0, 2K@0602H59AO 8 1) 2 =>2>AB8 1KB0, 2K2>48<>3> ?>MB>< 8 4> =53> 2>2A5 =5 ?>G0B>3>, 5A;8 8A:;NG8BL =5:>B>@K5 >G5@:8 C30=A:>3> 7 8 5;LB<0=0 ("@8:;NG5=8O, ?>G5@?=CBK5 87 <>@O 68B59A:>3>"), >G5@:8, =01@>A0==K5 MB8<8 40@>28BK<8 ?8A0B5;O<8, B0: A:070BL, 2A:>;L7L, <8<>E>4><, 8 2) 2 =>2>AB8 >B=>H5=89 02B>@0 : 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 2>>1I5, : 87>1@065==>< 1KBC 8 : B8?0< 87 MB>3> 1KB0, 2 >A>15==>AB8, 8 3) 2 =>2>AB8 <0=5@K 87>1@065=8O, 8 4) 2 =>2>AB8 O7K:0, 2 53> F25B8AB>AB8, >A>15==>AB8.
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
"C, :0: 20< C3>4=>, 0 87 20H8E =5C<5@5==KE ?>E20; 02B>@C =>2>9 :><5488 O 70<5G0N, GB> 2K : =5 2K =54>1@>65;0B5;L >3>;O.
>;>4>9 G5;>25:. !B@0==>, GB> 2K 70<5G05B5 87 <>8E A;>2 A>25@H5==> ?@>B82>?>;>6=>5 B> A;54C5B 87 =8E 70<5B8BL. / 4C<0N, GB> 87 <>8E A;>2 A:>@55 <>6=> 70<5B8BL, GB> O ?@8AB@0AB5= : >3>;N, 0 =5 2@03 525@LB5 <>59 8A:@5==>AB8), O ?@8AB@0AB5= : >3>;N. / ;N1;N 53> ?@>872545=8O 1>;LH5 ?@>872545=89 02B>@0 =>2>9 :><5488, O 8< 1>;LH5 A>GC2AB2CN, G5< A>GC2AB2CN =>2>9 :><5488; => MB> 45;> <>53> ;8G=>3> 2:CA0. A;54AB285 G53> 8<5==> O B0: ?@8AB@0AB5= : >3>;N, 8 A0< E>@>H5=L:> =5 7=0N. >65B, MB> ?@>8AE>48B >BB>3>, GB> O, :0: 8 2A5 @CAA:85 N=>H8 >4=>3> A> <=>9 ?>:>;5=8O, 2>A?8B0= =0 >3>;5. >340 O B>;L:> GB> =0G0; 68BL A>7=0B5;L=>, :>340 2> <=5 B>;L:> GB> ?@>1C48;>AL MAB5B8G5A:>5 GC2AB2>, ?5@2K9 ?>MB, =0 3>;>A :>B>@>3> >B:;8:=C;>AL <>5 A5@4F5, 1K; >3>;L. >65B 1KBL, O 5GC2AB2CN 1>;LH5, G5< 02B>@C =>2>9 :><5488, 8 ?>B> C65 >B ?@8@>4K O : B>=5=. 0: 1K B> =8 1K;>, => 45;> 2 B><, GB> =0AB@>5=85 <>53> 4CE0, <>5 <8@>A>75@F0=85 -- 3>3>;52A:>5, 8 ?>B> GB5=85 >3>;O <=5 4>AB02;O5B 3>@074> 1>;LH5 =0A;0645=8O, G5< GB5=85 =>2>9 :><5488. > 2 B> 65 2@5@ 55 ?@54AB02;O5B <=5 >ACI5AB2;5=85 B>3> 8450;0 EC4>6=8:0, > :>B>@>< O 402=> <5GB0;. >3>;L 2 <>8E 3;070E =5 ?>4E>48; ?>4 MB>B 8450;. 02=> O <5GB0; > B0:>< EC4>6=8:5, 402=> O ?@>A8; 1>30 ?>A;0BL =0< B0:>3> ?>MB0, :>B>@K9 1K 87>1@078; =0< G5;>25:0 A>25@H5==> >1J5:B82=>, A>25@H5==> 8A:@5==>, <0B5<0B8G5A:8 25@=> 459AB28B5;L=>AB8. 2>B B0:>9 ?>MB O28;AO. @87=0NAL >B:@>25==>, GB>, CA;KE02 2 ?5@2K9 @07 =>2CN :><548N, O >G5=L 1>;L=> A51O CI8?=C;, 401K C25@8BLAO, A?;N O 8;8 =5B, 2> A=5 8;8 =0O2C A;CH0N :><548N 4> B0:>9 AB5?5=8 =0BC@0;L=CN, 2> A=5 8;8 =0O2C 286C ?@54 A>1>9 B0:>3> EC4>6=8:0, :>B>@>3> 402=> >6840;0 2A5;5==0O, ?> :>B>@>< 402=> B>A:>20;0 >=0.
(%>@ ?@8AB0;L=> A<>B@8B =0 <>;>4>3> G5;>25:0.)
@>E>689. =5 :065BAO, <>;>4>9 G5;>25:, GB> E0@0:B5@8AB8:0 >3>;O, :>B>@CN 2K 745AL ?@54AB028;8, =5 ?>;=0, >4=>AB>@>==O. 59AB28B5;L=>, ?>M78O >3>;O 87>18;C5B B>3> @>40 EC4>65AB25==K<8 38?5@1>;0<8 8 B5< ;8@8G5A:8< N<>@><, > :>B>@KE 2K @0A?@>AB@0=O;8AL. MB>< O A 20<8 A>25@H5==> A>3;0A5=. > @0725 2 MB>< N<>@5, 2 MB8E 38?5@1>;0E 25AL >3>;L? @0725 ?>M78O 53> ?>AB>O==> ?@5C25;8G8205B 459AB28B5;L=>ABL? @0725 >3>;L =5 C<55B @8A>20BL 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 25@=>, B0:, :0: >=0 5ABL? A?><=8B5, A:>;L:> A>740=> 8< ;8F, C :>B>@KE =8 2 E0@0:B5@5, =8 2 @073>2>@5 2K =5 =0945B5 =8 <0;59H59 CB@8@>2:8. A?><=8B5 A8?0, "0@0A0 C;L1C, =4@8O, :0:8O :0:8528G0; 2A?><=8B5, GB> C >3>;O 5ABL 4065 F5;K5 ?>25AB8, 2 :>B>@KE 459AB2CNI85 ;8F0 2A5 4> >4=>3> =0@8A>20=K A =5>1K:=>25==K< A?>:>9AB285< 8 =5>1K:=>25==>N 25@=>ABLN, 157 <0;59H59 B5=8 ?@5C25;8G5=8O; 2A?><=8B5 ">;OA:C", 2A?><=8B5 "!B0@>A25BA:8E ?><5I8:>2". B0:, A>3;0A8B5AL A> <=>9, GB> B0;0=B >3>;O A>AB>8B =5 B>;L:> 2 C<5=L5 CB@8@>20BL 8 2 ;8@8G5A:>< N<>@5, => 8 2 25@=>AB8 87>1@065=8O 459AB28B5;L=>AB8. A;8 2K A>3;0A8B5AL A> <=>9 2 MB>< ?C=:B5, B> 4>;6=K 1C45B5 A>3;0A8BLAO A> <=>9 8 2 B><, GB> >3>;L 2KH5 02B>@0 =>2>9 :><5488. (>;G0=85.) K A:070;8, GB> 02B>@ =>2>9 :><5488 C<55B <0B5<0B8G5A:8 25@=> 87>1@060BL 459AB28B5;L=>ABL, 0 >3>;L 2K?C:;> 2KAB02;OBL ;N4A:CN ?>H;>ABL -- EC4>65AB25==> CB@8@>20BL. >, :0: B5?5@L >B:@K;>AL 87 <>8E A;>2, GB> >3>;L, :@><5 B>3>, C<55B, B0: 65, :0: 8 02B>@ =>2>9 :><5488, 25@=> 87>1@060BL 459AB28B5;L=>ABL 8 CB@8@>20BL, 0 02B>@ =>2>9 :><5488 C<55B B>;L:> 25@=> 87>1@060BL 459AB28B5;L=>ABL, 0 CB@8@>20BL =5 C<55B,-- A;54>20B5;L=>, 7=05B B>;L:> >4=C HBC:C, A;54>20B5;L=>, =865 >3>;O, :>B>@K9 7=05B 425 HBC:8.
>;>4>9 G5;>25:. K >BG0AB8 ?@02K. 59AB28B5;L=>, C >3>;O A>740=> <=>3> B0:8E ;8F, 2 :>B>@KE =5B =8G53> ?@5C25;8G5==>3>, :>B>@K5 25@=K 459AB28B5;L=>AB8, => 2A5-B0:8 459AB2CNI85 ;8F0 =>2>9 :><5488 25@=55 8E 459AB28B5;L=>AB8; >=8 :>=:@5B=55, >=8 5I5 1>;55 ?>E>68 =0 ;N459, G5< ;8F0, A>740==K5 >3>;5<. =8, 2 >B=>H5=88 A2>59 682>AB8 8 :>=:@5B=>AB8, >B=>AOBAO : 35@>O< >3>;O, :0: :0@B8=0, =0@8A>20==0O :@0A:0<8, >B=>A8BAO : :0@B8=5, =0@8A>20==>9 BCHLN.
A5. G5< 65 A>AB>8B MB0 :>=:@5B=>ABL 459AB2CNI8E ;8F =>2>9 :><5488?
>;>4>9 G5;>25:. 8E O7K:5. A?><=8B5, :0:8< O7K:>< 3>2>@OB 4065 B5 ;8F0 >3>;O, :>B>@K5 =5 CB@8@>20=K. 5C65;8 C =53> ;0:58 3>2>@OB B>GL-2-B>GL B0:8< O7K:><, :0:8< 3>2>@OB ;0:58; :C?FK -- B>GL-2-B>GL B0:8< O7K:><, :0:8< 3>2>@OB :C?FK, 8 B. 4.? !>45@60=85 8E @5G59, 8E 25@H5==> ?@8;8G=K :064> 8< 40=0 =5 B0 A0<0O >1>;>G:0, :>B>@CN >=8 4>;6=K 8<5BL. 8E O7K:5 <0;> 2K@060NBAO >A>15==>AB8 A>A;>289. =8 B0: 65 3>2>@OB =5 A2>8< O7K:><, :0: =5 A2>8< O7K:>< 3>2>@OB 459AB2CNI85 ;8F0 "0<5==>3> 3>ABO" CH:8=0. /7K: 8E ?5@52>4=K9... AB0B8, 70<5GC 745AL, GB> 8 2 4@C38E ?@>872545=8OE CH:8=0 459AB2CNI85 ;8F0 3>2>@OB =5 A2>8< O7K:><. @8<5@>< B>@8A >4C=>2" 8 "0<5==K9 3>ABL".
%>@. 'B> 6, ?> 20H5<=5=8N, 25@=55 ?@8@>45: =>20O :><548O 8;8 "0<5==K9 3>ABL"?
>;>4>9 G5;>25:. 07C<55BAO, =>20O :><548O. "0<5==K9 3>ABL", 2>-?5@2KE, C65 ?>B>2>9 :><5488, GB> 2 =5< 5ABL =5A>>1@07=>AB8, :>B>@KE 2 =59 =5B. "0:, 2 =5< O2;O5BAO 8 3>2>@8B AB0BCO :><0=4>@0, 0 AB0BCO 254L E>48BL 8 3>2>@8BL =5 <>65B; :@><5 B>3>, 2 =59 5I5 B>B 65 =54>AB0B>:, GB> 459AB2CNI85 ;8F0 =5 :>=:@5B=K 2 >B=>H5=88 : O7K:C. E O7K: <>6=> ?5@525AB8 ?>-:0:>2A:8 20< C3>4=>, 8 >=8 >B MB>3> =8G53> =5 ?>B5@ONB. >20O 65 :><548O =5?5@52>48<0...
%>@. C, 0 (5:A?8@0 <>6=> ?5@52>48BL?
>;>4>9 G5;>25:. >6=>; => >BB>3> 53> ?@>872545=8O 8 =865 =>2>9 :><5488.
%>@. 'B>->->?
>;>4>9 G5;>25:. 8G53>. (!:@K205BAO.)
%>@. >B :0:>2K =K=G5 <>;>4K5 ;N48!
N18B5;L A;02O=A:8E 4@52=>AB59. >B 4> G53> 4>25;0 8E =0BC@0;L=0O H:>;0!"
5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> -@0AB ;03>=@02>2 ?@54C?@5640; G8B0B5;59, GB> >= =5 @0745;O5B 2A5E C15645=89, :>B>@K5 2KA:07K20NB 459AB2CNI85 ;8F0 53> D0=B0788, 40@>28B0O HCB:0 ?@825;0 B>340H=NN :@8B8:C 2 A>25@H5==>5 >AB5@25=5=85 9. >, :0: A=0G0;0 =8 =54>C<520;0, :0:, ?> ?>O2;5=88 HCB:8 -@0AB0 ;03>=@02>20, =8 >AB5@25=8;0AL :@8B8:0, 2A5-B0:8 >=0 4>;6=0 1K;0 A>3;0A8BLAO A >1I5AB25==K< <=5=85<. =0 ?@87=0;0 (4>1@0O, 25;8:>4CH=0O :@8B8:0!), GB> O28;AO =>2K9 B0;0=B, A8;L=K9, A25689 8 =081>;55 1;87:89 : B0;0=BC, =K=5 402=> C65 A?OI5<>38;5, : B0;0=BC, ?5@25=AB2>202H5340 ?> 2A5< ?@020< 10. 54=0O :@8B8:0! >B 8<5==> 2 MB><-B>, 2 MB>9-B> 1;87>AB8 : >3>;N >=0 B>340 >H81;0AL 8 >H8105BAO 4065 4> A53> 4=5; 2 MB><-B> B08;AO B>340 8 B08BAO 4065 4> A53> 4=5 8AB>G=8: 2A5E 55 =54>@07C<5=89, =0BO65: 8 B5>@89.
">2>5 A;>2>" CA:>;L7=C;> >B >?@545;5=89 AB0@>9 :@8B8:8, CA:>;L7=C;> A=0G0;0, 8 A MB>3>-B> ?C=:B0 =0G0;0AL =0AB>OI0O 8AB>@8O =>2>3> ;8B5@0BC@=>3> O2;5=8O.
><548N "!2>8 ;N48 A>GB5<>3;0 :0:-=81C4L, E>BO 8 A 25;8:8<8 =0BO6:0<8, A2O70BL A <8 70:;NG5=8O<8 A2>8<8 >1> 2A5< ?@54H5AB2>202H5< 2 ;8B5@0BC@5 8 A 5I5 1>;55 <8 3040=8O<8 =0AG5B 1C4CI53>. AO ?>A;54CNI0O 45OB5;L=>ABL AB@>2A:>3> B0: CE>48;0 87-?>4 MB8E 70:;NG5=89, :0: @0A:>;K 87-?>4 >1I59 2870=B89A:>9 =>@=52>;5 4>;6=0 1K;0 @0AA5@48BL :@8B8:C, 7045BL 1>;L=K5 55 <5AB0, :>A=CBLAO A0AB@>5:.
:@8B8:0 AB0;0 2 >G5284=> :><8G5A:>5 ?>;>65=85 : =>2>O28;0AL "54=0O =525AB0", 0 >=0 640;0 A>2A5< =5 B>3> ?>A;5 :><5488 "!2>8 ;N48 A>GB52A:89 @0AA5@48; :@8B8:C >BACBAB285< 2AO:>9 65;G8, 2AO:>9 @57:>AB8 ;8=89, 2AO:>9 2K?C:;>AB8 2 <0;5=L:8E, ?@>AB5=L:8E 8, =04>1=> A:070BL ?@024C, 25AL<0 <8;KE AF5=0E, 8725AB=KE ?>4 8<5=5< "5>6840==>3> A;CG0O",-- >B :>B>@KE A>25@H5==> =0?@0A=> >B@5:AO 02B>@, 874020O ?>;=>5 A>1@0=85 A2>8E A>G8=5=89... -BC 15A?@8BO70B5;L=>-?@>ABCN 8 <564C B5< ?A8E>;>38G5A:8 B>=:CN HCB:C 40@>28B>3> G5;>25:0 :@8B8:0 2AB@5B8;0 2>?;O<8 =0 15AF25B=>ABL 2K2545==KE 2 =59 E0@0:B5@>2, C?@5:0<8 70 A;01>ABL ?@C68=, 42830NI8E 2 =59 >B=>H5=8O 11, 8;8, 2 ?5@52>45 =0 ?@O<>9 O7K:, >A5@48;0AL =0 B>, GB> >B=>H5=8O A0<8 ?> A515 ;53:85 EC4>6=8: >G5@:=C; ;53:>, E0@0:B5@K 157>A=>2=K5 8 15AA>45@60B5;L=K5 87>1@078; 2 8E 157>A=>2=>AB8 8 15AA>45@60B5;L=>AB8, =5 2K4C<0; 38?5@1>;8G5A:>3> C7;0, =5 >B=5AAO A O4>28B>N =0A<5H:>N : B0:8< 1577;>1=K< 8 15A:@>2=K< ACI5AB20<, :0: 2K2545==K5 8< >7>2K9 8 @C6=8=.
> A ?>O2;5=8O "54=>9 =525ABK" :@8B8:0 ?>;>68B5;L=> AB0;0 A5@48BLAO =0 ;8F0, 2K2>48MB><, =0 <0=5@C >B=>H5=89 ?>MB0 : 87>1@0605<>< 1KBC, B> 5ABL =0 A0AB5?@88<=> @0AB2>@82H89 ?5@54 =59 A2>8 H8@>:85 425@8 2 A>740=8OE ?>MB0. @8B8:0 ?>AB>O==> AB0=>28;0AL B> 2 ?>;>65=85 5@8G0 8;8 4065 8;0H8=0, B> 2 ?>;>65=85 8:B>@0 @:04L528G0 8E>@520 8 65=K 0;><0;LA:>3>, 8;8 4065 B5BCH:8, =01@02H59AO 2 "030=:5 >1@07>20=8O 12. !B0=>2OAL =0 8E B>G:8 7@5=8O, >=0 28=8;0 %>@L:>20 2 =51;03>@>4AB25 ?>ABC?:>2; CA0:>20 8 >@>4:8=0 E>B5;0 C25@8BL, GB> >=8 =5 ACI5AB2CNB 8;8, ?> :@09=59 <5@5, ACI5AB2>20BL =5 4>;6=K 14.
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e Medicin malgre lui", 2 "Le Festin de Pierre" {"5:0@L ?>=52>;5", "0<5==K9 3>ABL" (D@.).} 8 4@C38E ?L5A0E. '53> 6 1K E>B5;0 :@8B8:0? 'B>1K ;8F0 4@0< AB@>2A:>3> 3>2>@8;8 =5 O7K:>< 8E 1KB0? 0 254L MB> ?@>B82>@5G8;> 1K MAB5B8G5A:8< ?>;>65=8O< 2AO:>9 :@8B8:8, 4065 8 B>9, > :>B>@>9 2 =0AB>OICN <8=CBC <=>N ?@8?><8=05BAO, 40 8 AB@>2A:89 ?@8B>< EC4>6=8: B0:>3> @>40, :>B>@><>< 8E A>740=88, ?@54AB0NB =5 8=0G5, :0: A A2>8< O7K:>< :064K9: 8=0G5 4;O =53> B8? 8 =5<.
! =5C4>2>;LAB285< =0 60@3>= 4@0< AB@>2A:>3> B5A=> A2O70=> 1K;> =5C4>2>;LAB285 =0 A0< 87>1@06051AB25==>, :@8B8:0 A0<0 =5 7=0;0, G53> E>B5;0; ?@8 ?>O2;5=88 "54=>9 =525ABK" @0740;8AL 55 A5B>20=8O, GB> AB@>2A:89 >AB028; 1KB, :>B>@K9 >= B0: <0AB5@A:8 87>1@0605B; ?>B>< >=0 2>?8O;0 =0 B>, GB> MB>B 1KB 3>2>@8B A2>8< O7K:><, 8<55B A2>8, 59 =5254>8 B8?K, :>B>@K5 >=0 =5 65;0;0 2845BL 2K2>4820=88 :>B>@KE >=0 B0: 60@:> E>B5;0 C1548BL 8 A51O 8 4@C38E. 5?5@5=>A5= 1K; 59 MB>B 1KB -- C?>B@51;OO 2K@065=85 :><5489 AB@>2A:>3> -- =5?5@5=>A5= 53> O7K:, =5?5@5=>A=K 53> B8?K; 2>B 8 2AO @07304:0. 5 1K;> :@8B8:5 45;0 =8 4> :0:8E MAB5B8G5A:8E 2>?@>A>2.
">2>5 A;>2>!" -- C?>B@51;ON B5?5@L A =5:>B>@>N 3>@4>ABLN MB> 2K@065=85, 2KA>:>?0@=>ABL :>B>@>3> 2K:C?;5=0 ;53:>< 8;8 =54>1@>A>25AB=K< ?>A<5O=85<, :>B>@>=> ?>425@3;>AL,-- 2>B :>@5==0O, >A=>2=0O ?@8G8=0 =53>4>20=8O AB0@>9 :@8B8:8 =0 ?8A0B5;O, :>B>@> 2A5 >1I5<0AAK, ?@8=04;568B, =5A<>B@O =0 53> =5402=55 ?>O2;5=85, =5A<>B@O =0 <=>385 =54>AB0B:8, =5A><=5==>5 ?5@25=AB2> 2> 2A59 4@0<0B8G5A:>9 =0H59 ;8B5@0BC@5.
! 1847 4> 1855 3>40 (O 15@C ?>:0 2A5 5I5 >4=C ?5@2CN M?>EC 45OB5;L=>AB8 AB@>2A:>3>) AB@>2A:89 =0?8A0; 2A53> B>;L:> 452OBL ?@>872545=89, 8 87 =8E B>;L:> ?OBL 7=0G8B5;L=KE ?> >1J5 A>45@60=8N; B>;L:> G5BK@5 87 =8E 4020;8AL =0 B50B@5, => MB8 G5BK@5, 157 F5@5<>=88 3>2>@O, A>740;8 =0@>4=K9 B50B@; G0AB8N A>740;8, G0AB8N 2K428=C;8 2?5@54 0@B8AB>2, ?@>1C48;8 >1I55 A>GC2AB285 2A5E :;0AA>2 >1I5AB20, 87<5=8;8 2> <=>38E 273;O4 =0 @CAA:89 1KB, ?>7=0:><8;8 =0A A B8?0<8, :>B>@KE ACI5AB2>20=8O 4>7@520;8 8 :>B>@K5 B5< =5 <5=55, =5A><=5==>, ACI5AB2CNB, A >B=>H5=8O<8, 2 2KAH59 AB5?5=8 =>2K<8 8 4@0<0B8G5A:8<8, A <=>3>@07;8G=K<8 AB>@>=0<8 @CAA:>9 4CH8, 8 3;C1>:8<8, 8 B@>30B5;L=K<8, 8 =56=K<8, 8 @073C;L=K<8 AB>@>=0<8, 4> :>B>@KE =8:B> 5I5 =5 :0A0;AO. @02> 3@0640=AB20 ;8B5@0BC@=>3> ?>;CG8;> <=>65AB2> O@:8E, >?@545;5==KE >1@07>2, =>2KE, 682KE A>740=89 2 <8@5 8A:CAAB20,-- 8 2A5 MB> ?@>H;> 157 C@>:0 4;O :@8B8:8. "0;0=B C65 ?>@>48; B>;?C ?>4@060B5;59, 8 3@C1K5 ?>4@060=8O, 2@>45 "5=8E0 87 >652>9 ;8=88" 16, ?5G0B0;8AL 2 55 65 6C@=0;0E, 0 >=0 ?@>4>;60;0 3;C<8BLAO =04 =>2K< A;>2>< B0;0=B0.
<564C B5< =>2>5 A;>2> AB@>2A:>3> 1K;> =8 1>;55 =8 <5=55 :0: =0@>4=>ABL, A;>2>, A>1AB25==>, C65 AB0@>5, 81> AB@5<;5=8O : =0@>4=>AB8 =0G0;8AL 2 ;8B5@0BC@5 =0H59 =5 A AB@>2A:>3>, => 459AB28B5;L=> =>2>5,-- ?>B> 2 53> 45OB5;L=>AB8 >?@545;8;>AL >=> B>G=55, OA=55 8 ?@>I5, E>BO, 157 A><=5=8O, 5I5 =5 >:>=G0B5;L=>.
III
/ 7=0N >G5=L E>@>H>, GB> A;>2> =0@>4=>ABL, E>BL >=>, A;020 1>3C, <=>9 8 =5 ?@84C<0=>, 70304>G=>3> O2;5=8O 5I5 =5 >1JOA=O5B; 2>-?5@2KE, ?>B> >=> A;8H:>< H8@>:>, 0 2>-2B>@KE, 8 ?>B> A0<> 5I5 B@51C5B >1JOA=5=8O. 54L 8 A0B8@8: <>65B 1KBL =0@>45=, 40 5I5 :0:! @8<5@ -- 2 25;8:>< ?>MB5 @8AB>D0=5, 25;8:>< ?>MB5, :>B>@>AB020;>AL 1KBL =8G5< 8=K<, :0: B>;L:> A0B8@8:>< ?>A@548 687=8, :>340-B> F5;L=>9 8 ?@5:@0A=>9, 2 53> 2@5<5@ -- 2 @81>54>25, 25;8:>< 8 AB@0AB=>< ?>MB5, :>B>@> GB> 1K;> 2:>@5=8BL 8450;K 4CH8, :>B>@K9 1K; >BB>@3=CB >1I8< @0728B85< 25@E=8E A;>52 >1I5AB20 >B ?>G2K, >B =0@>40, 8 B5< 65 A0< 2KA>:> ?>AB02;5= =04 ?>25@E=>ABLN MB8E 25@E=8E A;>52 >1I5AB20...
>;>68<, GB> O 2K@078;AO OA=55: O =0@>4=>ABL ?@>B82C?>;>68; G8AB> A0B8@8G5A:>B=>H5=8N : =0H59 2=CB@5==59 1KB>2>9 687=8, A;54>20B5;L=>, 8 ?>4 =0@>4=>AB8N 2 AB@>2A:>< @07C<5; >1J5:B82=>5, A?>:>9=>5, G8AB> ?>MB8G5A:>5, 0 =5 =0?@O65==>5, =5 >B@8F0B5;L=>5, =5 A0B8@8G5A:>5 >B=>H5=85 : 687=8; ?>;>68<, GB> O ?@5645 2A53> ?>A?5H8; 2KA:070BL, GB> 8 B2>@G5AB2> 8 AB@>9 >B=>H5=89 : 687=8, 8 <0=5@C 87>1@065=8O, A2>9AB25==K5 AB@>2A:>25@H5==> @07;8G=K<8 >B B0:>2KE 65 >3>;O. A5-B0:8 =0@>4=>ABL -- ?>=OB85 >G5=L H8@>:>5 8 B5< <5=55 >1JOA=ONI55 45;> =0G8AB>, GB> =0H8 A>1AB25==K5 >B=>H5=8O : A0<>=OB8N, B> 5ABL : =0@>4=>AB8, 25AL<0 H0B:8 8 =5>?@545;5==K. 0 24>102>: 5I5, =0@>4=>ABL -- 1@0==>5 A;>2>, B> 5ABL =5 2 A3> A;>20, 0 2 A20 18B2K, ;>7C=30 1@0=8,-- 18B2K, :065BAO, 548=AB25==>9 2 ;5B>?8AOE C25G5AB20. 5@<0=88 B>;L:> @07 2 :@0B:89 ?5@8>4, :>B>@K9 =07K205BAO Sturm und Drang { C@O 8 =0B8A: (=5<.).}, 2 :>B>@K9 ;>?HB>: 8 53> 4@C7LO 2>7>1=>2;O;8 :;OB2K 4@52=8E 35@<0=F52 ?5@54 @<8=>2K< 4C1><, B0< B>;L:> BAB0820;0 =0@>4=>ABL A2>53> =0@>40; => 254L B0< MB> A:>@> 8 :>=G8;>AL, 0 C =0A 2>?@>AC > =0@>4=>AB8 8 :>=F0 :0:-B> =5 ?@542848BAO. 5 70 B> < 1>@5 1>@>;8AL ;>?HB>: 8 53> 4@C7LO; B5 A2>5 45;> A:>@> 8 >BAB>O;8, ?>B> 45;>-B> A0<>5 1K;0 1>@L10 =5 70 ACI=>ABL =0@>4=>9 687=8, 0 ?@>B82 CA;>2=KE D>@< GC6575<=>3> D@0=FC7A:>3> 8A:CAAB20. 01K =0H5 45;> 1K;> B0:>5 65, 53> 2K83@0;8 8 A40;8 2 0@E82. 0 =5 B0:>5 >=> -- MB> =0H5 45;>. 54L 4065 :;OB2K ?5@54 @<8=>2K< 4C1>< ?@54AB02;ONB B>;L:> 2=5H=55 AE>4AB2> A =>H5=85< =5:>B>@K<8 87 =0A =0@>4=>9, 40 5I5 AB0@>9 =0@>4=>9, >4564K: 3;C165 8 ACI5AB25==55 >A=>2K A0<>3> 2=5H=53> =0H53> 4>=:8E>BAB20, B0: GB> @C:5 BO65;> ?>4=OBLAO 4065 8 =0720BL 4>=:8E>BAB2>< B>, GB> 2=CB@5==> AG8B05HL ?>GB8 =5>1E>48BO 8 2=5H=8<... "O65;K9 2>?@>A 4;O =0A 2A5E MB0 =0@>4=>ABL, 2>?@>A G@572KG09=> <0,--



html-cAK;:0 =0 >A;5 "@>7K" AB@>2A:>3>
BB-cAK;:0 =0 :@8B8G5A:CN AB0BLN >A;5 "@>7K" AB@>2A:>3>
@O<0O AAK;:0 =0 :@8B8G5A:89 0=0;87 AB0BL8 >A;5 "@>7K" AB@>2A:>3>

>E>685 :@8B8G5A:85 AB0BL8:

1) "ABL <8=CBK, 2 :>B>@K5 ?5@568205HL A>7=0=85< 3>@074> 1>;55, G5< 2 F5;K5 3>4K". $.>AB>52A:89. (> >4=>872545=89 @CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K. - ..">;AB>9. ">9=0 8 <8@".)
2) "KA;L 1K205B A25B;0, B>;L:> :>340 >70@O5BAO 4>1@K< GC2AB2><..." ..;NG52A:89. (> >4=>872545=89 @CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K. - . . 0CAB>2A:89. "
3) ">;L:> 2?5@Q4, B>;L:> =0 ;8=8N >3=O...
4) "KA;L 1K205B A25B;0, B>;L:> :>340 >70@O5BAO 4>1@K< GC2AB2><..." ..;NG52A:89. (> ?@>872545=8O< @CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K. - ..$5B. 8@8:0.)
5) 7>1@065=85 <8@0 <>A:>2A:>3> :C?5G5AB20 2 :><5488 "!2>8 ;N48 - A>GB5
6) A;8 C G5;>25:0 5ABL «70G5<э» 68BL, >= <>65B 2K45@60BL ;N1>5 ":0:" ($. 8FH5)
7) 5;> =5 B>;L:> @B0<>=>2KE
8) 687=8 2A5340 5ABL <5AB> ?>42830<
9) "!CI5AB2C5B B>;L:> G5;>25:..." (> ?L5A5 .>@L:>3> "0 4=5".)
10) «BFK» 8 «45B8» 2 ?L5A5 . . AB@>2A:>3> «!2>8 ;N48 - A>GB5
11) "0:85 @07=K5 65=A:85 ;8F0 (?> ?L5A0< «!2>8 ;N48 - A>GB570»)
12) >@L10 5ABL CA;>285 687=8..." ..5;8=A:89. (> >4=>872545=89 @CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K. - ..8?0B>2. " MB> 2A5 > =5<...".)
13) ">;L:> 2 B@C45 25;8: G5;>25: (A>G8=5=85-@0AAC645=85)
14) ">;L:> G5;>25: >B25BAB25=5= 70 4>1@> 8 7;> (> @><0=C . . C;30:>20 "0AB5@ 8 0@30@8B0")
15) «>@L10 5ABL CA;>285 687=8...» (. . 5;8=A:89)
Яндекс.Метрика