/, ! F5=B@0;L=K9 ?5@A>=06 @><0=0 $..>AB>52A:>3> «#=865==K5 8 >A:>@1;5==K5» (1861). 2>@O=8=, «3>;O: ?>B><>: >B@0A;8 AB0@8==>9», :@0A82K9, >1;040NI89 MDD5:B=K<8 <0=5@0<8, >40@5==K9 >AB@K< C<><, ?@54?@88ABLN, 28@BC>7=>9 ;>2:>ABLN 2 ?;5B5=88 8=B@83, >= 2>?;>I5=85 45@7:>3>, C40G;82>3>, ?>1548B5;L=>3> 7;0 2 @><0=5. ;0, >1;040NI53> A0B0=8=A:>9 ?@8BO30B5;L=>9 A8;>9, 8 >BB>3> :@09=5 >?0A=>3>.
<5==> :=O7L, ?> <=5=8N <=>38E 8AA;54>20B5;59, 3;02=K9 35@>9 @><0=0. A5 A:@KBK5 ?@C68=K 459AB28O A>A@54>B>G5=K 2 53> @C:0E, 8 B>;L:> 53> 7;0O 2>;O >?@545;O5B AC4L1C 2A5E ?5@A>=0659. ?5@2>9 G0AB8 @><0=0 >= >BACBAB2C5B, => > =5< 3>2>@8BAO =5OA=>, 70304>G=>. > 2B>@>9 G0AB8 >=, ?>O282H8AL, 459AB2C5B >1<0=>< 8 :>20@AB2><, A>E@0=OO ?@8 MB>< <0A:C @5A?5:B015;L=>AB8 8 1;03>@>4AB20. B@5BL59 G0AB8, 2 AF5=5 AB>;:=>25=8O A> A2>8< 0=B8?>4>< 20=>< 5B@>28G5<, 2 =>G=>< @5AB>@0=5, >= ?@54AB05B ?5@54 G8B0B5;5< 2> 2A59 A2>59 ><5@78B5;L=>9 8 1;8AB0B5;L=>9 =03>B5. G5B25@B>9 8AG5705B, B>@65AB2CO ?>;=CN ?>154C. -B0 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>ABL @0A:@KB8O ;8G=>AB8 :=O7O E0@0:B5@=0 4;O @><0==>9 B5E=8:8 >AB>52A:>3>.
I5 <>;>4K< . 65=8;AO =0 ?5@57@5;>9 4>G5@8 :C?F0->B:C?I8:0, 2>A?>;L7>20;AO 55 A>AB>O=85< 8 2A:>@5 C<>@8; 55, 0 AK=0 ;5HC «?>4:8=C;» =0 2>A?8B0=85 2 4>< 1>30B>3> 8 2;8OB5;L=>3> @>4AB25==8:0 3@0D0 08=A:>3>. > ?@>B5:F88 3@0D0 08=A:>3> . ?>;CG8; ?@5AB86=CN 4>;6=>ABL «?@8 >4=>< 87 206=59H8E ?>A>;LAB2» 70 3@0=8F59. "0< >= >1>;LAB8; 4>GL ?@5CA?520NI53> 702>4G8:0 !<8B0, :>B>@0O @048 :=O7O C:@0;0 C A2>53> >BF0 45=L38 8 F5==K5 1C<038. 02>4G8: @07>@8;AO, 0 =5AG0AB=CN 65=I8=C ., >2;0452 1>30BAB20<8, 2K3=0; =0 C;8FC. '5@57 =5A:>;L:> ;5B 87@O4=> @071>30B52H89 . 25@=C;AO 87-70 3@0=8FK 8 70=O; 2 5B5@1C@35 A>>B25BAB2CNI55 ?>;>65=85. !B@5=8:=CBL 2 2KAH89 A25B, >= ?>?KB0;AO «?@82>;>:=CBLAO» 70 1>30B>9 8 ?@8=04;560I59 : «A;82:0< >1I5AB20» 3@0D8=59, => 1K; >BB5A=5= C40G;82K< A>?5@=8:>< A>1AB25==K<, 4>AB83H8< 452OB=04F0B8;5B8O AK=>< ;5H59. 073=520==K9 . >B?@028; AK=0 2 0A8;L52A:>5, ?>4 ?@8A<>B@ C?@02;ONI53> E<5=520, => 3>4 A?CABO ?@81K; 2 8<5=85 ?> 0=>=8<=>=>AC, ACBL :>53> A2>48;0AL : B> 4>GL E<5=52KE, 0B0H0, AC<5;0 2;N18BL 2 A51O N=>HC 8 O:>1K A>18@05BAO 65=8BL 53> =0 A515. 564C . 8 E<5=52K< ?@>87>H5; @07@K2; ., 2>A?>;L7>202H8AL A8BC0F859, >128=8; 1K2H53> C?@02;ONI53> 2 2>@>2AB25, =0G0;AO ?@>F5AA. E<5=52 A A5<59AB2>< >B?@028;AO 2 5B5@1C@3, GB>1K ;8G=> E;>?>B0BL > 45;5. 5B5@1C@35 0B0H0 1@>A8;0 @>48B5;59, 2ABC?82 A ;5H59 2 «3@5E>2=CN»(2. ., 704C<02H89 65=8BL ;5HC =0 1>30B>9 =0A;54=8F5 0B5 (GB>1K 702;045BL 55 <8;;8>=0<8), A?;5; A;>6=59HCN 8=B@83C 8 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2 4>18;AO A2>53>: 0B0H0 >AB0;0AL >4=0, 0 ;5H0 8 0BO, >125=G02H8AL, 4>25@G82> ?@5?>4=5ACB 5645;5==K5 <8;;8>=K.
. 15A?@545;L=> M3>8AB8G5=. 'B>1K 4>AB83=CBL A2>59 F5;8 8;8 C4>2;5B2>@8BL <8<>;5B=CN ?@8E>BL, :0?@87, >= 3>B>2 H030BL ?> B@C?0<. («!:>@55 8AA01>= ?@>20;8BAO, G5< =5 A1C45BAO ?> <>5 :><<5@G5A:0O A45;:0, 548=AB25==K9 «42830B5;L ;N4A:8E 45;», 8< ?@87=0205;>BKE 4>6459», 2848B AG0ABL5 8A:;NG8B5;L=> 2 <8;;8>=0E. 703@>1=>5 2>7<57485 >= =5 25@8B, 8450;>2 8 =@02AB25==KE ?@8=F8?>2 ;8H5= («450;>2 O =5 8<5N 8 =5 E>GC 8<5BL»). 04 >:@C60NI8<8 . 8<55B AB@0==CN, ?>GB8 <8AB8G5A:CN 2;0ABL: 4>GL !<8B0, ?>;N182H0O 53> 1573@0=8G=>, =5 2K=5A;0 «?@52@0I5=8O» 0=35;0 2 45<>=0; 8:>;09 !5@35528G E<5=52, >G0@>20==K9 :=O75< 8 ?@>AB8@02H89 A2>N ?@82O70==>ABL : =5 :>A<8G5A:>3>», @07>@5= 8 >?>7>@5=; 0B0H0 8 0BO <0@8>=5B:8 2 @C:0E .
> 70AB>52A:>3>, . 4>;65= 1K; A;>68BLAO 2 >1@07 =0?>;5>=>2A:>3> 8;8 @>B-H8;L4>2A:>3> B>;:0 45;LF0, :0?8B0;8AB0. >, ?@>O2;OO 45;>2CN E20B:C 8 >?@545;5==K9 B0;0=B D8=0=A8AB0, . >B;8G05BAO >B =0?>;5>=>2 8 "(, B5<, GB> 45=L38 8 2;0ABL 4;O =53> =5 F5;L, 0 ;8HL A@54AB2> 872;5GL 87 687=8 ?>1>;LH5 =0A;0645=89. = ?>B@518B5;L, 87>I@5==K9, ?@5AKI5==K9 3C@<0=. =CB@5==55 >48=>G5AB2> (:0: A;54AB285 ?>;=>9 0B@>D88 5AB5AB25==KE G5;>25G5A:8E GC2AB2 8 ?@82O70==>AB59) 53> =5 BO3>B8B A:>@55 O2;O5BAO A0<>9 >?B8<0;L=>9 D>@<>9 ACI5AB2>20=8O.
. 7;>25I89 8=B@830=, <0B5@80;8AB, B5>@5B8: 8 ?@0:B8: @072@0B0, ?@83@><=>9 :>3>@B5 >B@8F0B5;L=KE 35@>52 <8@>2>9 ;8B5@0BC@K. -B> 8 7;>458 87 ?@>872545=89 (8;;5@0, >D<0=0, !N, !C;L5, 0;L70:0, 8 A;04>AB@0AB=8:8 (>45@;> 45 0:;>, <0@:870 45 !040, :B020 8@1>. B=>A8B5;L=> ;8B5@0BC@=KE ?@>B>B8?>2, ?@>>1@07>2 8 ?@54H5AB25==8:>2 . ACI5AB2C5B 1>;LH0O ;8B5@0BC@0 (B0:, ."C=8<0=>2 2 :0G5AB25 =5A><=5==>3> ?@54H5AB25==8:0 :=O7O =07K205B 10@>=0 5:B>@0 .;> 87 2KA>:> F5=8<>3> >AB>52A:8< @><0=0 0;L70:0 «C78=0 5B30»; ./.8@?>-B8=, ..-B>2, ..09<8= A>?>AB02;ONB AN65B=CN ;8=8N @><0=0 A ?>25ABLN .!.CH:8=0 «C1@>2A:89», ..>GC;LA:89 ?@>2>48B 0=0;>388 >B:@>25=89 . A ?0@04>:A0;L=K<8 273;O40<8 ?;5<> 87 >4=>8<5==>9 D8;>A>DA:>9 ?>25AB8 84@> 8 B.4.). > >B <5;>4@0<0B8G5A:8E 7;>4552 D@0=FC7A:8E @><0=>2 . >B;8G05B 53> >@838=0;L=0O, F8=8G=0O D8;>A>D8O 687=8, :@CB> 70<5H5==0O =0 @>AA89A:>< <5=B0;8B5B5; ?>@078B5;L=0O AF5=0 «703>;5=8O» (B.5. ?@545;L=>3>, 2K7K20NI53> >B:@>25=8O) :=O7O ?5@54 20=>< 5B@>28G5< =>GLN 2 @5AB>@0=5 MB> ?> ACB8 ?5@20O «D8;>A>DA:0O 15A540» 2 B2>@G5AB25 >AB>52A:>3>, ?@54B5G0 15A54K 2 B@0:B8@5 5@A8;>20 A AK=>< («>4@>AB>:») 8 ?>CG5=8O 20=0 0@0<07>20 ;5H5, B>65 2 B@0:B8@5 («@0BLO 0@0<07>2K»).
«45O ;8G=>AB8» . 2 B2>@G5AB25 >AB>52A:>3> 2>AE>48B : ?>GB5==>2=8:C .;80=C 0AB0:>28GC, A;04>AB@0AB=8:C, 65=82H52A5< N=>9 452CH:5 («5B5@1C@3A:0O ;5B>?8AL», «;:0 8 A204L10»), 0 «?>B>» :=O7O 4>AB0B>G=> 25;8:>5. > >4=>9 ;8=88 >B =53> ?@>8AE>4OB «A;04>AB@0AB=8:8» (!284-@8309;>2 2 «@5ABC?;5=88 8 =0:070=88», $54>@ 02;>28G 0@0<07>2 2 «@0BLOE 0@0<07>2KE»). > 4@C3>9 «A25@EG5;>25:8» 0A:>;L=8:>2 («@5ABC?;5=85 8 =0:070=85»), 20= 0@0<07>2 («@0BLO 0@0<07>2K»). 15 MB8 ;8=88 A>548=ONBAO 2 !B02@>38=5 («5AK»), GB> ?@8405B @0==525@H5==>1@07C . >A>15==K9 8=B5@5A.