20= "C@35=52 @>48;AO 28 >:BO1@O 1818 3. 2 @;5. 3> >B5F, !5@359 8:>;0528G "C@35=52 (17931834), >BAB02=>9 ?>;:>2=8:-:8@0A8@, 1K; :@0A82, => =5 2K45;O;AO =@02AB25==>ABLN 8 C<><. 8A0B5;L E0@0:B5@87>20; >BF0 :0: «25;8:>3> ;>2F0 ?@54 >A?>4><э». 5=8BL10 53> =0 =5<>;>4>9 1>30B>9 0@20@5 5B@>2=5 CB>28=>2>9 1K;0 45;>< @0AGQB0. @0: 1K; =5AG0AB;82 8 =5 A45@6820; !5@35O 8:>;0528G0 (>4=0 87 53> «H0;>AB59» >?8A0=0 2 ?>25AB8 «5@20O ;N1>2L»).

!5@359 8:>;0528G C<5@ 2 1834 3>4C, >AB0282 B@QE AK=>259: 8:>;0O, 20=0 8 A:>@> C<5@H53> >B M?8;5?A88 !5@35O 2 ?>;=>< @0A?>@O65=88 <0B5@8. =59 B8?8G=> 2K@078;>AL >?LO=5=85 2;0ABLN, :>B>@>5 A>74020;>AL :@5?>AB=K< ?@02><. !5<59=K5 G5@BK CB>28=>2KE ?@54AB02;O;8 A>1>9 A<5AL 65AB>:>AB8, :>@KAB>;N18O 8 A;04>AB@0AB8O ("C@35=52 87>1@078; MB> 2 «"@QE ?>@B@5B0E» 8 2 «4=>42>@F5 2AO=8:>25»). 0@20@0 5B@>2=0 1K;0 >7;>1;5=0 A2>59 ;8G=>9 AC4L1>9. 0=> ;8H82H8AL >BF0, >=0 AB@040;0 >B <0B5@8, 87>1@065==>9 2 >G5@:5 «!<5@BL» (AB0@CE0), >B >BG8<0, :>B>@K9 18; 5Q, 0 :>340 >=0 ?>4@>A;0, AB0; ?@5A;54>20BL 3=CA=K<8 ?@54;>65=8O<8. !?0A;0AL >=0, 15602, ?5H:><, ?>;C>45B0O, : 4O45 A2>528=>2C, 682H5< =0A8;L=8:C, > :>B>@>< @0AA:07K205BAO 2 «4=>42>@F5 2AO=8:>25». >48=>G5AB25, C=8605<0O, ?@>68;0 0@20@0 5B@>2=0 4> 30 ;5B 2 4><5 4O48, ?>:0 53> A<5@BL =5 A45;0;0 5Q 2;045B5;L=8F59 25;8:>;5?=>3> 8<5=8O 8 5 000 4CH. !2545=8O, A>E@0=82H85AO > 0@20@5 5B@>2=5, @8ACNB 5Q 2 A0<>< =5?@82;5:0B5;L=>< 2845.

!:2>7L A>740==CN 5N A@54C «?>1>52 8 8ABO70=89» "C@35=52 ?@>=QA 2AB2 ?><5I8GL59 2;0AB8 ?>43>B>28;> ?@>B5AB ?@>B82 :@5?>AB=>3> ?@020. 5AB>:8< «?>1>O< 8 8ABO70=8O< GCBL =5 :064K9 45=L» ?>425@30;AO 8 >= A0<. 4=064K >= ?@83>B>28;AO 1560BL 87 4>5 2>A?8B0=85 53> H;> ?>4 @C:>2>4AB2>< G0AB> A<5=O2H8EAO D@0=FC7A:8E 8 =5<5F:8E 3C25@=Q@>2. > 2A52=0 ?8B0;0 ?@57@5=85 - G;5=K A52>@8;8 <564C A>1>9 ?>-D@0=FC7A:8. N1>2L : @CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 B09:>< 2=CH8; "C@35=52C >48= 87 :@5?>AB=KE :0<5@48=5@>2, 87>1@065==K9 8<, 2 ;8F5 C=8=0, 2 @0AA:075 «C=8= 8 01C@8=». > 9 ;5B 20= "C@35=52 ?@>68; 2 =0A;54AB25==>< 8<5=88 !?0AA:>5-CB>28=>2> 2 10 :< >B F5=A:0 @;>2A:>9 3C15@=88.

#GQ10 8 ?5@2K5 ;8B5@0BC@=K5 >?KBK

1827 3>4C "C@35=52K, GB>1K 40BL 45BO< >1@07>20=85, ?>A5;8;8AL 2 >A:25; =0 !0<>BQ:5 1K; :C?;5= 8<8 4><.

20= "C@35=52 CG8;AO A=0G0;0 2 ?0=A8>=5 5945=30<<5@0; 70B5< 53> >B40;8 ?0=A8>=5@>< : 48@5:B>@C 070@52A:>3> 8=AB8BCB0 @0C75. 7 CG8B5;59 A2>8E "C@35=52 A 1;03>40@=>ABLN 2A?><8=0; > 4>2>;L=> 8725AB=>< 2 A2>Q 2@5;>35, 8AA;54>20B5;5 «!;>20 > >;:C 3>@525», . . C15=A:><, CG8B5;5 <0B5<0B8:5 . . >3>@5;LA:>< 8 <>;>4>< ABC45=B5 . . ;NH=8:>25, ?>74=55 284=>< G;5=5 :@C6:0 !B0=:528G0 8 5;8=A:>3>, ?8A02H5< 24CB2>@5=8O ?>4 ?A524>=8<>< $.

1833 3. 15-;5B=89 20= "C@35=52 (B0:>9 2>7@0AB ABC45=B>2, ?@8 B>340H=8E =52KA>:8E B@51>20=8OE, 1K; O2;5=85< >1KG=K<) ?>ABC?8; =0 A;>25A=K9 D0:C;LB5B <>A:>2A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0. >4 A?CABO, 87-70 ?>ABC?82H53> 2 320@459A:CN 0@B8;;5@8N AB0@H53> 1@0B0, A58E 2>A?><8=0=8OE =8:>3> 4065 =5 =0720; ?> 8<5=8.

! ;5B=Q2K< "C@35=52 A1;878;AO 8 1K20; C =53> =0 ;8B5@0BC@=KE 25G5@0E. !BC45=B>< 3-3> :C@A0 >= ?@54AB028; =0 53> AC4 A2>N =0?8A0==CN ?OB8AB>?=K< O<1>< 4@0 A>1AB25==K< A;>20< "C@35=520 «A>25@H5==> =5;5?>5 ?@>872545=85, 2 :>B>@>< A 15H5=>N =5C<5;>ABLN 2K@060;>AL @01A:>5 ?>4@060=85 109@>=>2A:>4=>9 87 ;5:F89 ;5B=Q2, =5 =07K20O 02B>@0 ?> 8<5=8, @07>1@0; 4>2>;L=> AB@>3> MBC 4@0 2AQ-B0:8 ?@87=0;, GB> 2 02B>@5 «GB>-B> 5ABL». B7K2 >1>4@8; N=>3> ?8A0B5;O: >= 2A:>@5 >B40; ;5B=Q2C @O4 AB8E>B2>@5=89, 87 :>B>@KE 420 ;5B=Q2 2 1838 3>4C =0?5G0B0; 2 A2>Q< «!>2@5<5==8:5».

-B> =5 1K;> ?5@2K< ?>O2;5=85< 53> 2 ?5G0B8, :0: ?8H5B "C@35=52 2 A2>8E 2>A?><8=0=8OE: 5IQ 2 1836 3>4C >= ?><5AB8; 2 «C@=0;5 8=8AB5@AB20 =0@>4=>3> ?@>A25I5=8O» 4>2>;L=> >1AB>OB5;L=CN, =5<=>6:> =0?KI5==>, => 2?>;=5 ;8B5@0BC@=> =0?8A0==CN @5F5=78N « ?CB5H5AB288 :> A2OBK< <5AB0<э», . . C@02LQ20.

1836 3>4C "C@35=52 :>=G8; :C@A A> AB5?5=LN 459AB28B5;L=>3> ABC45=B0. 5GB0O > =0CG=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, >= 2 A;54CNI5< 3>4C A=>20 45@60; 2K?CA:=>9 M:70<5=, ?>;CG8; AB5?5=L :0=4840B0, 0 2 1838 3>4C >B?@028;AO 2 5@<0=8N.

CB5H5AB285 2 5@<0=8N

>A5;82H8AL 2 5@;8=5, "C@35=52 CA5@4=> 27O;AO 70 70=OB8O. ;L:> ?@8E>48;>AL «CA>25@H5=AB2>20BLAO», A:>;L:> 70A5ABL 70 071C:C. !;CH0O 2 C=825@A8B5B5 ;5:F88 ?> 8AB>@88 @89 8 3@5G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, >= 4><0 2K=C645= 1K; «7C1@8BL» M;5<5=B0@=CN 3@0<<0B8:C MB8E O7K:>2.

5@;8=5 A3@C??8@>20;AO 2 MB> 2@5: 40@>28BKE <>;>4KE @CAA:8E @0=>2A:89, $@>;>2, 525@>2, 8E08; 0:C=8=, .. !B0=:528G. A5 >=8 2>AB>@65==> C2;5:0;8AL 3535;LO=AB2><, 2 :>B>@>< 2845;8 =5 >4=C B>;L:> A8AB5B2;5GQ==>3> 2>5 520=35;85 687=8.

« D8;>A>D88», 3>2>@8B "C@35=52, «, :@><5 G8AB>3>

!8;L=>5 2?5G0B;5=85 ?@>872Q; =0 "C@35=520 8 25AL 2>>1I5 AB@>9 70?04=>52@>?59A:>9 687=8. 53> 4CHC 2=54@8;>AL C15645=85, GB> B>;L:> CA2>5=85 >A=>2=KE =0G0; >1I5G5;>25G5A:>9 :C;LBC@K <>65B 2K25AB8 >AA8N 87 B>3> <@0:0, 2 :>B>@K9 >=0 1K;0 ?>3@C65=0. MB>< A= AB0=>28BAO C15645==59H8< «70?04=8:><э». G8A;C ;CGH8E 2;8O=89 15@;8=A:>9 687=8 ?@8=04;568B A1;865=85 20=0 !5@35528G0 A> !B0=:528G5<, A<5@BL :>B>@>3> ?@>8725;0 =0 =53> A8;L=>5 2?5G0B;5=85.

>72@0I5=85 2 >A:2C 8 =0G0;> ;8B5@0BC@=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8

1841 3>4C "C@35=52 25@=C;AO =0 @>48=C. =0G0;5 1842 3>4 >= ?>40; 2 >A:>2A:89 C=825@A8B5B ?@>AL1C > 4>?CI5=88 53> : M:70<5=C =0 AB5?5=L <038AB@0 D8;>A>D88; => 2 >A:25 =5 1K;> B>340 HB0B=>3> ?@>D5AA>@0 D8;>A>D88, 8 ?@>AL10 53> 1K;0 >B:;>=5=0. 0: 284=> 87 >?C1;8:>20==KE 2 «81;8>3@0D5» 70 1891 3>4 «>2KE <0B5@80;>2 4;O 18>3@0D88 20=0 !5@35528G0 "C@35=520», "C@35=52 2 B>< 65 1842 3>4C 2?>;=5 C4>2;5B2>@8B5;L=> 2K45@60; M:70<5= =0 AB5?5=L <038AB@0 2 5B5@1C@3A:>< C=825@A8B5B5. AB020;>AL B5?5@L B>;L:> =0?8A0BL 48AA5@B0F8N. -B> 1K;> A>2A5< =5 B@C4=>; 4;O 48AA5@B0F89 A;>25A=>3> D0:C;LB5B0 B>3> 2@5<5=8 =5 B@51>20;>AL A>;84=>9 =0CG=>9 ?>43>B>2:8.

> 2 "C@35=525 C65 ?@>ABK; 60@ : ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 CGQ=>AB8; 53> 2A5 1>;55 8 1>;55 =0G8=05B ?@82;5:0BL 45OB5;L=>ABL ;8B5@0BC@=0O. = ?5G0B05B =51>;LH85 AB8E>B2>@5=8O 2 «B5G5AB25==KE 70?8A:0E», 0 25A=>N 1843 3>40 2K?CA:05B >B45;L=>9 :=86:>9, ?>4 1C:20<8 ". . ("C@35=52-CB>28=>2), ?>M4C 2KE>48B B>65 >B45;L=>N :=86:>N 4@C30O ?>M<0 53>, « 073>2>@»; 2 «B5G5AB25==KE 0?8A:0E» 1846 3>40 ( 1) ?>O2;O5BAO 1>;LH0O ?>M<0 «=4@59», 2 «5B5@1C@3A:>< A1>@=8:5» 5:@0A>20 (1846) ?>M<0 «><5I8:»; :@><5 B>3>, <5;:85 AB8E>B2>@5=8O "C@35=520 @071@>A0=K ?> «B5G5AB25==K< 70?8A:0<э», @07=K< A1>@=8:0< (5:@0A>20, !>;>3C10) 8 «!>2@5<5==8:C».

! 1847 3>40 "C@35=52 A>25@H5==> ?5@5AB05B ?8A0BL AB8E8, 5A;8 =5 AG8B0BL =5A:>;L:> =51>;LH8E HCB>G=KE ?>A;0=89 : ?@8OB5;O< 8 «10;;04K»: «@>:5B 2 8=47>@5», =025O==>9 87185=85< 1>;30@ 2 1876 3>4C. 5A<>B@O =0 B>, GB> 2ABC?;5=85 =0 AB8E>B2>@=>5 ?>?@8I5 1K;> 2>AB>@65==> 2AB@5G5=> 5;8=A:8<, 20= "C@35=52, ?5@5?5G0B02 2 A>1@0=88 A2>8E A>G8=5=89 4065 A;0159H85 87 A2>8E 4@0<0B8G5A:8E ?@>872545=89, A>25@H5==> 8A:;NG8; 87 =53> AB8E8. «/ GC2AB2CN ?>;>68B5;L=CN, GCBL =5 D878G5A:CN 0=B8?0B8N : <>8< AB8E>B2>@5=8O<э», 3>2>@8B >= 2 >4=>< G0AB=>< ?8AL<5, «8 =5 B>;L:> =5 8<5N =8 >4=>3> M:75 8E ?>M< => 4>@>3> 1K 40;, GB>1K 8E 2>>1I5 =5 ACI5AB2>20;> =0 A25B5». -B> AC@>2>5 ?@5=51@565=85 @5H8B5;L=> =5A?@0254;82>.

# "C@35=520 =5 1K;> :@C?=>3> ?>MB8G5A:>3> 40@>20=8O, => ?>4 =5:>B>@K<8 =51>;LH8<8 53> AB8E>B2>@5=8O<8 8 ?>4 >B45;L=K<8 <5AB0<8 53> ?>M< =5 >B:070;AO 1K ?>AB028BL A2>Q 89 87 ?@>A;02;5==KE ?>MB>2 =0H8E. CGH5 2A53> 54K: BCB C65 OA=> GC2AB2C5BAO B0 I5<5;0=E>;8G5A:0O ?>M78O, :>B>@0O A>AB02;O5B 3;02=CN :@0A>BC BC@35=52A:>3> ?597060. >M<0 "C@35=520 «0@0H0» >4=0 87 ?5@2KE ?>?KB>: 2 @CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 >1@8A>20BL 70A0AK20NICN 8 =825;8@CNICN A8;C 687=8 8 68B59A:>9 ?>H;>AB8. 2B>@ 2K40; 70N 35@>8=N 70 B>3>, :B> 59 ?>;N18;AO, 8 =03@048; 5Q «AG0ABL5<э», 157B>@>3>, >4=0:>, 70AB02;O5B 53> 2>A:;8F0BL: «>, >65! B> ;8 4C<0; O, :>340 8A?>;=5==K9 =5<>3> >1>60=LO, 5Q 4CH5 O ?@54@5:0; 3>40 A2OB>3> 1;03>40@=>3> AB@040=LO».

« 073>2>@» =0?8A0= >B;8G=K< AB8E><; 5ABL AB@>:8 8 AB@>DK ?@O<> ;5@<>=B>2A:>9 :@0A>BK. > A>45@60=8N A2>5M<0, ?@8 2AQ< A2>Q< ?>4@060=88 5@<>=B>2C >4=> 87 ?5@2KE 2 =0H59 ;8B5@0BC@5 «3@0640=A:8E» ?@>872545=89, =5 2 ?>74=59H5< 7=0G5=88 >1;8G5=8O >B45;L=KE =5A>25@H5=AB2 @CAA:>9 687=8, 0 2 AB5 =0 >1ICN ?>;L7C. 4=C ;8G=CN 687=L >10 459AB2CNI85 ;8F0 ?>MAB0B>G=>9 F5;LN >A3> ACI5AB2>20=8O; :064K9 G5;>25: 4>;65= A>25@H8BL :0:>9-=81C4L «?>4283», A;C68BL «:0:>3C», 1KBL ?@>@>:>< 8 «:0@0BL A;01>ABL 8 ?>@>:».

25 4@C385 1>;LH85 ?>M<5I8:», 7=0G8B5;L=> CABC?0NB ?5@2K<. «=4@55» <=>3>3;03>;82> 8 A:CG=> >?8AK205BAO =0@0AB0=85 GC2AB20 35@>O ?>M4=>9 70B25B=K5 GC2AB20; «><5I8:» =0?8A0= 2 N<>@8AB8G5A:>< B>=5 8 ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9, ?> B5@<8=>;>388 B>3> 2@5<5=8, «D878>;>38G5A:89» >G5@: ?><5I8GL59 687=8 => AE20G5=K B>;L:> 2=5H=85, A<5E>B2>@=K5 5Q G5@BK.

4=>2@5<5==> A ?>M<0<8 "C@35=52 =0?8A0; @O4 ?>25AB59, 2 :>B>@KE B>65 >G5=L O@:> A:070;>AL ;5@<>=B>2A:>5 2;8O=85. ">;L:> 2 M?>EC 1573@0=8G=>3> >10O=8O ?5G>@8=A:>3> B8?0 <>3;> A>740BLAO ?@5:;>=5=85 <>;>4>3> ?8A0B5;O ?@54 =4@55< >;>A>2K<, 35@>5< ?>25AB8 B>3> 65 =0720=8O (1844). 2B>@ 2K40QB =0< 53> 70 «=5>1K:=>25==>3>» G5;>25:0, 8 >= 459AB28B5;L=> A>25@H5==> =5>1K:=>25==K9& M3>8AB, :>B>@K9, =5 8A?KBK20O =8 <0;59H53> A4 ;N4A:>9 A<>B@8B :0: =0 ?@54<5B A2>59 70102K. !;>2> «4>;3» 4;O =53> =5 ACI5AB2C5B: >= 1@>A05B ?>;N182HCN 53> 452CH:C A 1>;LH5N ;Q3:>ABLN, G5< 8=>9 1@>A05B AB0@K5 ?5@G0B:8, 8 A ?>;=>N 15AF5@5<>==>ABLN ?>;L7C5BAO CA;C30<8 B>20@8I59. >A>15==CN 70A;C3C 5<5=O5BAO B>, >= «=5 AB0=>28BAO =0 E>4C;8». B>< >@5>;5, :>B>@K< <>;>4>9 02B>@ >:@C68; >;>A>20, =5A><=5==> A:070;>AL 8 2;8O=85 >@6 !0=4, A 5Q B@51>20=85< ?>;=>9 8A:@5==>AB8 2 ;N1>2=KE >B=>H5=8OE. > B>;L:> BCB A2>1>40 >B=>H5=89 ?>;CG8;0 25AL<0 A2>5>1@07=K9 >BB5=>:: B>, GB> 4;O >;>A>20 1K;> 2>4528;5<, 4;O AB@0AB=> ?>;N182H59 53> 452CH:8 ?@52@0B8;>AL 2 B@03548N. 5 A<>B@O =0 =5OA=>ABL >1I53> 2?5G0B;5=8O, ?>25ABL =>A8B =0 A515 O@:85 A;54K A5@LQ7=>3> B0;0=B0.

B>@0O ?>25ABL "C@35=520, «@5BB5@» (1846), ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>N 02B>@A:CN 1>@L1C <564C ;5@<>=B>2A:8< 2;8O=85< 8 AB@5<;5=85< 48A:@548B8@>20BL ?>75@AB2>. 5@>9 ?>25AB8 CG:>2 A2>59 B08=AB25==>N C3@N<>ABLN, 70 :>B>@>N GC48BAO GB>-B> =5>1K:=>25==> 3;C1>:>5, ?@>872>48B A8;L=>5 2?5G0B;5=85 =0 >:@C60NI8E. 2>B, 02B>@ 7040QBAO F5;LN ?>:070BL, GB> =5;N48<>ABL 1@5B5@0, 53> B08=AB25==0O <>;G0;82>ABL 25AL<0 ?@>708G5A:8 >1JOA=ONBAO =565;0=85< 60;G09H59 ?>A@54AB25==>AB8 1KBL >A<5O==>9, 53> «>B@8F0=85» ;N128 3@C1>ABLN =0BC@K, @02=>4CH85 : 687=8 :0:8<-B> :0;<, A@54=8< <564C 0?0B859 8 :@>2>604=>ABLN.

!>45@60=85 B@5BL59 ?>25AB8 "C@35=520: «"@8 ?>@B@5B0» (1846) ?>G5@?=CB> 87 A5<59=>9 E@>=8:8 CB>28=>2KE, => >G5=L C6 2 =59 :>=F5=B@8@>20=> 2A5 =5>1K45==>5 MB>9 E@>=8:8. !B>;:=>25=85 CG8=>20 A >BF><, 4@0<0B8G5A:0O AF5=0, :>340 AK=, AB8A=C2 H?03C 2 @C:0E, 7;>1=K<8 8 =5?>:>@=K<8 3;070<8 A<>B@8B =0 >BF0 8 3>B>2 ?>4=OBL =0 =53> @C:C 2A5 MB> 3>@074> 1>;55 1K;> 1K C<5AB=> 2 :0:><-=81C4L @><0=5 87 8=>AB@0==>9 687=8. !;8H:>< 3CABK B0:65 :@0A:8, =0;>65==K5 =0 CG8=>20->BF0, :>B>@>3> "C@35=52 70AB02;O5B 20 ;5B =5 3>2>@8BL =8 548=>3> A;>20 A 65=>9 87-70 BC<0==> 2K@065==>3> 2 ?>25AB8 ?>4>7@5=8O 2 AC?@C65A:>9 =525@=>AB8.

"C@35=52 ?@>1C5B A2>8 A8;K 8 =0 4@0<0B8G5A:>< ?>?@8I5. 7 53> 4@0<0B8G5A:8E ?@>872545=89 =081>;LH89 8=B5@5A ?@54AB02;O5B =0?8A0==0O 2 1856 3>4C 6820O, 70102=0O 8 AF5=8G=0O 60=@>20O :0@B8=:0 «02B@0: C ?@542>48B5;O», 4> A8E ?>@ C45@602H0OAO 2 @5?5@BC0@5 B50B@>2. ;03>40@O, 2 >A>15==>AB8, E>@>H5;=5=8N ?>;L7>20;8AL B0:65 CA?5E>< «0E;51=8:» (1848), «%>;>ABO:» (1849), «@>28=F80;:0», «5AOF 2 45@52=5».

2B>@C >A>15==> 1K; 4>@>3 CA?5E «%>;>ABO:0». ?@548A;>288 : 8740=8N 1879 3>40 "C@35=52, «=5 ?@87=020O 2 A515 4@0<0B8G5A:>3> B0;0=B0», 2A?><8=05B «A GC2AB2>< 3;C1>:>9 1;03>40@=>AB8, GB> 35=80;L=K9 0@BK=>2 C4>AB>8; 83@0BL 2 G5BK@QE 87 53> ?L5A 8, <564C ?@>G8<, ?@54 A0=F>< A2>59 1;5ABOI59, A;8H:>< @0=> ?@5@20==>9 :0@L5@K, ?@52@0B8; A8;>N 25;8:>3> B0;0=B0, 1;54=CN D83C@C >H:8=0 2 %>;>ABO:5 2 682>5 8 B@>30B5;L=>5 ;8F>».

8G=0O 687=L

8G=0O 687=L "C@35=520, 2 B> 2@5340 B0: 1;5ABOI5 @0725@BK20;0AL 53> B2>@G5A:0O 45OB5;L=>ABL, A:;04K20;0AL =525A5;>. 5A>3;0A8O 8 AB>;:=>25=8O A <0B5@LN ?@8=8<0;8 2A5 1>;55 8 1>;55 >AB@K9 E0@0:B5@ 8 MB> =5 B>;L:> =@02AB25==> 53> @0728=G820;>, => ?@82>48;> B0:65 : :@09=5 AB5A=5==><0B5@80;L=>;>65=8N, :>B>@>5 >A;>6=O;>AL B5<, GB> 2A5 AG8B0;8 53> G5;>25:>< 1>30BK<.

1845 3. >B=>A8BAO =0G0;> 4@C61K "C@35=520 A 7=0<5=8B>9 ?528F59 80@4>-0@A8O. 5>4=>:@0B=> 1K;8 ?>?KB:8 ?>;L7>20BLAO 4;O E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 MB>9 4@C61K @0AA:07>< "C@35=520 «5@5?8A:0», A M?87>4>< «A>10GL59» ?@82O70==>AB8 35@>O : 8=>AB@0==>9 10;5@8=5, BC?>9 8 =5>1@07>20==>9. H81>G=> 2845BL 2 MB>< 02B>18>3@0D8G5A:89 <0B5@80;. 80@4> - =5>1K:=>25==> B>=:0O EC4>65AB25==0O =0BC@0; 25: 8 2K40NI89AO :@8B8: 8A:CAAB20, :>B>@>3> "C@35=52 >G5=L F5=8; 8 :>B>@K9 ?5@52>48; 53> A>G8=5=8O =0 D@0=FC7A:89 O7K:. ?5@2>5 2@5 "C@35=52, :>B>@><0BL F5;KE B@8 3>40 70 ?@82O70==>ABL : «?@>:;OB>9 FK30=:5» =5 4020;0 =8 3@>H0, 25AL<0 <0;> =0?><8=0; ?>?C;O@=K9 70 :C;8A0<8 B8? «1>30B>3> @CAA:>3>». <5AB5 A B5<, 3>@5GL 2 «5@5?8A:5» 8<5;0 8 AC1J5:B82=CN ?>4:;04:C. 2>A?><8=0=8OE $5B0 8 2 =5:>B>@KE ?8AL<0E "C@35=520 284=>, GB> ?@020 1K;0 <0BL "C@35=520, =07K20O 53> «>4=>;N1><э»: ?@>682 2 B5A=>< >1I5=88 A A5 38 ;5B, >= GC2AB2>20; A51O 3;C1>:> >48=>:8<. 0 MB>9 ?>G25 2K@>A;> BC@35=52A:>5 87>1@065=85 ;N128, E0@0:B5@=>5 4;O 53> <5;0=E>;8G=>9 B2>@G5A:>9 <0=5@K. "C@35=52 ?525F ;N128 =5C40G=>9 ?> ?@58

!G0AB;82>9 @072O7:8 C =53> ?>GB8 =8 >4=>9 =5B, ?>A;54=89 0::>@4 2A5340 3@CAB=K9. <5AB5 A B5<, =8:B> 87 @CAA:8E ?8A0B5;59 =5 C45;8; AB>;L:> 2=8<0=8O ;N128, =8:B> 2 B0:>9 <5@5 =5 8450;878@>20; 65=I8=C. 5@>8 "C@35=520 2A5340 @>1:8 8 =5@5H8B5;L=K 2 A2>8E A5@45G=KE 45;0E.

1842 3. >=, ?> 65;0=8N <0B5@8, ?>ABC?8; 2 :0=F5;O@8N <8=8AB5@AB20 2=CB@5==8E 45;. '8=>2=8: >= 1K; ?;>E>9, 0 =0G0;L=8: :0=F5;O@88 0;L, E>BO B>65 1K; ;8B5@0B>@, : A;C615 >B=>A8;AO 25AL<0 ?540=B8G5A:8. >=G8;>AL 45;> B5<, GB> ?@>A;C682 3>40 ?>;B>@0, "C@35=52, : =5<0;>3>@G5=8N 8 =5C4>2>;LAB28N <0B5@8, 2KH5; 2 >BAB02:C. 1847 3. "C@35=52 2<5AB5 A A5<59AB2>< 80@4> C5E0; 70 3@0=8FC, 68; 2 5@;8=5, @5745=5, ?>A5B8; 2 !8;5788 1>;L=>3> 5;8=A:>3>, A :>B>@K< 53> A>548=O;0 B5A=0O 4@C610, 0 70B5< >B?@028;AO 2> $@0=F8N. 5;0 53> 1K;8 2 A0<>< ?;0G52=>< ?>;>65=88; >= 68; 709<0<8 C ?@8OB5;59, 020=A0<8 87 @540:F89 8 B5<, GB> A>:@0I0; A2>8 ?>B@51=>AB8 4> <8=84 ?@54;>3>< ?>B@51=>AB8 2 C548=5=88, >= 2 >48=>G5AB25 ?@>2>48; 78<=85 <5AOFK B> 2 ?CAB>9 40G5 80@4>, B> 2 701@>H5==>< 70<:5 >@6 !0=4, ?8B0OAL G5< ?>?0;>.

$52@0;LA:0O @52>;NF8O 8 8N=LA:85 A>1KB8O 70AB0;8 53> 2 0@865. ;C1>:> ?@>=8:=CBK9 ?@8=F8?0<8 ;815@0;87<0, "C@35=52 2 ?>;8B8G5A:8E C15645=8OE 2A5340 1K;, ?> A>1AB25==>AB5?5=>2F5<э», 8 A>F80;8AB8G5A:>5 2>71C645=85 40-E 33., 70E20B82H55 53> A25@AB=8:>2, :>A=C;>AL 53> <0;>. 1850 3. "C@35=52 25@=C;AO 2 >AA8N, => A <0B5@LN, C<5@H59 2 B>< 65 3>4C, >= B0: 8 =5 A2845;AO.

0745;82 A 1@0B>< :@C?=>5 A>AB>O=85 <0B5@8, >= ?> 2>7<>6=>AB8 >1;53G8; BO3>BK 4>AB02H8EAO 5

1852 3. ?>A;5 A<5@B8 >3>;O "C@35=52 =0?8A0; =5:@>;>3, :>B>@>3> =5 ?@>?CAB8;0 ?5B5@1C@3A:0O F5=7C@0, ?>B>, :0: 2K@078;AO 8725AB=K9 CA8=-CH:8=, «> B0:>< ?8A0B5;5 ?@5ABC?=> >B7K20BLAO AB>;L 2>AB>@65==>». "C@35=52 >B>A;0; AB0B59:C 2 >A:2C . . >B:8=C, 8 B>B 5Q =0?5G0B0; 2 «>A:>2A:8E 54><>ABOE». MB>< CA<>B@5;8 «1C=B», 8 02B>@ «0?8A>: E>B=8:0» 1K; 2>42>@5= =0 AJ576CN, 345 ?@>1K; F5;K9 <5AOF. 0B5< >= 1K; 2KA;0= 2 A2>N 45@52=N 8 B>;L:> 1;03>40@O CA8;5==K< E;>?>B0< 3@. ;5:A5O ">;AB>3> 3>40 G5@57 420 2=>2L ?>;CG8; ?@02> 68BL 2 AB>;8F0E. 8B5@0BC@=0O 45OB5;L=>ABL "C@35=520 A 1847 3>40, :>340 ?>O2;ONBAO ?5@2K5 >G5@:8 «0?8A>: E>B=8:0», 4> 1856 3>40, :>340 « C48=K<э» =0G8=05BAO =081>;55 ?@>A;0282H89 53> ?5@8>4 1>;LH8E @><0=>2, 2K@078;0AL, :@><5 70:>=G5==KE 2 1851 3. «0?8A>: E>B=8:0» 8 4@0<0B8G5A:8E ?@>872545=89, 2 @O45 1>;55 8;8 <5=55 70<5G0B5;L=KE ?>25AB59: «=52=8: ;8H=53> G5;>25:0» (1850), «"@8 2AB@5G8» (1852), «20 ?@8OB5;O» (1854), «C2 0AK=:>2» (1855), «5@5?8A:0» (1856). @><5 «"@QE 2AB@5G», :>B>@K5 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>N 4>2>;L=> =57=0G8B5;L=K9 0=5:4>B, ?@5:@0A=> @0AA:070==K9 8 70:;NG0NI89 2 A515 C4828B5;L=> ?>MB8G5A:>5 >?8A0=85 8B0;LO=A:>9 =>G8 8 ;5B=53> @CAA:>3> 25G5@0, 2A5 >AB0;L=K5 ?>25AB8 =5B@C4=> >1J548=8BL 2 >4=> B2>@G5A:>5 =0AB@>5=85 3;C1>:>9 B>A:8 8 :0:>3>-B> 15A?@>A25B=>3> ?5AA8<87<0. -B> =0AB@>5=85 B5A=59H8< >1@07>< A2O70=> A C=K=85<, :>B>@>5 >E20B8;> 3> >1I5AB20 ?>4 2;8O=85< @50:F88 ?5@2>9 ?>;>28=K 1850-E 3>4>2.

>1@>N ?>;>28=>N A2>53> 7=0G5=8O >1O70==K9 8459=>9 GCB:>AB8 8 C<5=LN C;02;820BL «<><5=BK» >1I5AB25==>9 687=8, "C@35=52 O@G5 4@C38E A2>8E A25@AB=8:>2 >B@078; C=K=85 M?>E8. <5==> B5?5@L 2 53> B2>@G5A:>< A8=B575 A>740;AO B8? «;8H=53> G5;>25:0» MB> 4> C60A0 O@:>5 2K@065=85 B>9 ?>;>AK @CAA:>9 >1I5AB25==>AB8, :>340 =5?>H;>25:C, ?>B5@?52H5 =5G53> 1K;> 45;0BL. ;C?> 70:0=G820NI89 A2>N C<=> =0G0BCN 687=L 0<;5B )83@>2A:>3> C. («0?8A:8 E>B=8:0»), 3;C?> ?>3810NI89 O7>2=8= («20 ?@8OB5;O»), 35@>9 «5@5?8A:8», A C60A>< 2>A:;8F0NI89, GB> «C =0A @CAA:8E =5B 4@C3>9 687=5==>9 7040G8, :0: @07@01>B:0 =0H59 ;8G=>AB8», 5@5BL52 8 0H0 («0B8HL5»), 87 :>B>@KE ?5@2>3> ?CAB>B0 8 15AF5;L=>ABL @CAA:>9 687=8 ?@82>48B : B@0:B8@C, 0 2B>@CN 2 ?@C4 2A5 MB8 B8?K 15A?>;57=KE 8 8A:>25@:0==KE ;N459 70@>48;8AL 8 2>?;>B8;8AL 2 >G5=L O@:> =0?8A0==K5 D83C@K 8<5==> 2 3>4K B>3> 1572@5<5=LO, :>340 4065 C<5@5==K9 @0=>2A:89 2>A:;8F0;: «1;03> 5;8=A:><5@H5 2@5< AN40 87 ?>A;54=8E >G5@:>2 «0?8A>: E>B=8:0» I5M78N «52F>2», «!2840=8O», «0ALO=0 A @0A82>9 5G8», 3@CAB=CN 8AB>@8N /:>20 0AK=:>20, =0:>=5F «CB>@CN 0@;59;L AG8B0; A0<>N B@>30B5;L=>9 ?>25ABLN =0 A25B5 8 ;CG8< F5;CN ?>;>AC A0<>3> <@0G=>3> >BG0O=8O.

A8;C B>9 65 GCB:>AB8 : :>;510=8O< >1I5AB25==>9 0B<>AD5@K, "C@35=52 2A;54 70 =0ABC?;5=85< 2 1855 3. =>2>9 ?>;>AK 3>AC40@AB25==>9 687=8, ?8H5B G5BK@5 :@C?=59H8E A2>8E ?@>872545=8O; « C48=» (1856), «2>@O=A:>5 3=574>» (1859), «0:0=C=5» (1860), «BFK 8 5B8» (1862), 2 :>B>@KE O2;O5BAO A0<5G0B5;L=K< 2K@078B5;5< ?5@2>9 ?>;>28=K M?>E8 @5D>@<. /@G5 2A5E A2>8E A25@AB=8:>2 >= C;>28; B>B <><5=B 548=>4CH8O >1I5AB25==KE AB@5<;5=89, :>340 2A5 E>@>=8;8 AB0@>5 8 =5 ?@54284O =8:0:8E >A;>6=5=89, =045O;8AL =0 ;CGH55 1C4CI55. 0B5< "C@35=52 ?5@2K9 A =5>1K:=>25==>9 A8;>9 87>1@078; ?>2>@>B=K9 ?C=:B M?>E8, :>340 87 A@54K AB>@>==8:>2 =>2KE 25O=89 2K45;8;8AL 420 B5G5=8O C<5@5==KE «>BF>2» 8 1KAB@> ?>=5AH8EAO 2?5@Q4 «45B59».

;8F5 C48=0 "C@35=52 E>@>=8; 1572>;L5 8 15745OB5;L=>ABL ?>:>;5=8O 40-E 3>4>2, 53> 15AF5;L=>5 ?@>7O10=85 8 15A?;>4=CN 3815;L. 5@54 =0<8 1>30B> >40@5==K9 G5;>25: A ;CGH8<8 =0<5@5=8O<8, => A>25@H5==> ?0ACNI89 ?5@54 459AB28B5;L=>ABLN, AB@0AB=> 7>2CI89 8 C2;5:0NI89 4@C38E, => A0< A>25@H5==> ;8HQ==K9 AB@0AB8 8 B5 75@ 8 D@075@, => =5 87 D0B>2AB20, 0 ?>B> >= M;5:B@87C5BAO A>1AB25==K<8 A;>20<8 8 2 BC <8=CBC, :>340 >= 3>2>@8B, 5 :06CBAO ;53:> ?@5>4>;8H5=85 02B>@0 : C48=C 42>9AB25==>5, =5 A2>1>4=>5 >B ?@>B82>@5G89. #AB0<8 56=520 >= B> @0725=G8205B 53>, B> AB028B =0 ?L545AB0;. 5;> 2 B><, GB> 2 ;8F5 C48=0 ?5@5?;5;8AL Wahrheit und Dichtung. > 8725AB=>9 AB5?5=8 C48= ?>@B@5B 7=0<5=8B>3> 038B0B>@0 8 3535;LO=F0 0:C=8=0, :>B>@>3> 5;8=A:89 >?@545;O; :0: G5;>25:0 A @C< =0 I5:0E 8 157 :@>28 2 A5@4F5. 82K5 G5@BK 8AB>@8G5A:>3> 45OB5;O "C@35=520 ?5@5<5H0; A ?@>7>9 A5@>3> ?>2A54=52=>3> ACI5AB2>20=8O 8 :>=B@0AB <564C ?@>?>254LN C48=0 8 53> <875@=K< ?@>7O10=85< ?>;CG8;AO ?>@078B5;L=K9. /282H8AL 2 M?>EC, :>340 >1I5AB2> ;8E>@04>G=> <5GB0;> > «45;5», 8 ?@8B>< 157 M?8;>30, =5 ?@>?CI5==>3> F5=7C@>N (A<5@BL C48=0 =0 8N=LA:8E 10@@8:040E), « C48=» 1K; ?>=OB 25AL<0 >4=>AB>@>==5. 5@>9 @><0=0 AB0; =0@8F0B5;L=K< 8<5=5< 4;O ;N459, C :>B>@KE A;>2> =5 A>3;0AC5BAO A 45;><. "0:, <564C ?@>G8<, ?>=O; @><0= 5:@0A>2, :>B>@K9 @0=LH5, 2 A2>59 ?>M<5 «!0H0», 87>1@078; G5;>25:0 @C48=A:>3> B8?0; AN65B ?>M4A:070;0 A40==0O 2 @540:F8N «!>2@5<5==8:0» @C:>?8AL "C@35=520[1]. ">G=> B0: 65 >B=5A;0AL : C48=C :@8B8:0 1860-E, :>B>@0O =0H;0 2 C48=A:>< «D@07Q@AB25» ;8H=55 >@C485 4;O A2>59 1>@L1K A >B6820NI8< ?>:>;5=85<.

A;8 2 « C48=5» "C@35=52, GCB:> 84O =0 2AB@5GC =0@>640NI59AO ?>B@51=>AB8 2 682>9 45OB5;L=>AB8, :07=8; B>;L:> ?@074=> 1>;B0NI8E ;N459 ?>:>;5=8O A>@>:>2KE 3>4>2, B> 2 «2>@O=A:>< =5745» >= ?@>?5; >BE>4=CN 2A55:>;5=8N 8 157 <0;59H59 3>@5G8 CABC?0; <5AB> <>;>4K< A8;0<. ;8F5 02@5F:>3> <=5==> 8<55< >4=>3> 87 A0<5I8GL59 ?>;>AK @CAA:>9 687=8; >= G5;>25: 8 B>=:> =:> GC2AB2CNI89. B5< =5 <5=55 >= =5 <>65B =5 A>3;0A8BLAO A> A2>8< 4@C3><, M=BC780AB>< 8E0;528G5<, :>340 B>B, ?5@51@02 A>1KB8O 53> 687=8, =07K205B 53> «10910:><э». AO MB0 687=L 1K;0 >B40=0 ;8G=K< @04>ABO< 8;8 ;8G=>@N. «#E;>?02 A51O =0 65=I8=C», 02@5F:89 2 3540 ;5B A0< A51O E>@>=8B, AG8B0O A2>Q ?@>7O10=85 =0 75<;5 ?@>ABK< «4>3>@0=85<э». = ?@>B5ABC5B ?@>B82 8E0;528G0 B>;L:> B>340, :>340 B>B 53> 0BB5ABC5B :0: «7;>AB=>3>, @0AAC640NI53> 10910:0». <5==> «@0AAC640NI53>» 10910G5AB20, B> 5ABL 2>72545=8O A2>53> >15A?5G5==>3> :@5ABLO=A:8< B@C4>< 15745;LO 2 :0:CN-;81> 0@8AB>:@0B8G5A:CN B5>@8N, C 45<>:@0B0 02@5F:>3> =5B 8 A;540.

02@5F:89 «10910:» B>;L:> ?>B> 2AO 687=L @CAA:0O >10910G8;0AL 8 A?0;0 A=>< 3;C1>:8<. 5 A?0; >48= ;8HL @01>B02H89 =0 02@5F:8E =0@>4 8 8<5==> ?>B>=O5BAO ?@54 «=0@>4=>N ?@024>N». >B5@O2 70 3@0=8F59 A2>Q A5<59=>5 AG0ABL5, >= ?@857605B =0 @>48=C A B2Q@4K< =0<5@5=85< 27OBLAO 70 «45;>». > C2K! MB> «45;>» A 4;O =53> A0<>3>, 40 8 =5 <>3;> 1KBL OA=> 2 M?>EC ?>;=>3> 70AB>O >1I5AB25==>9 687=8. >AB0B>G=> 1K;>, ?>MB>1;5A:>2 A>GC2AB28O : =5 AB>@>=K 35@>8=8 @><0=0 87K, GB>1K =5CB>;5==0O 60640 ;8G=>3> AG0ABLO A=>20 70;8;0 2A5 53> ACI5AB2> 0 2B>@8G=0O =57040G0 A=>20 8 >:>=G0B5;L=> =04;><8;0 3> @><0=B8:0. @0240, 2 M?8;>35 <, GB> 02@5F:89 :0: 1C4B> >1@Q; «45;>»: >= =0CG8;AO «75<;N ?0E0BL» 8 «E>@>H> CAB@>8; A2>8E :@5ABLO=». > :0:>5 65 BCB «45;>» 2 2KAH5< A3> A;>20? 5<;N ?0E0;, :>=5G=>, =5 >= A0<, 0 53> :@5?>AB=K5, 8 5A;8 >= 8E «E>@>H>» CAB@>8;, B> MB> B>;L:> 7=0G8;>, GB> >= 8E =5 ?@8B5A=O; 8 =5 2K68<0; 87 =8E ?>A;54=85 A>:8. >;>68B5;L=KE M;5<5=B>2 4;O 45OB5;L=>AB8 MB8 >B@8F0B5;L=K5 4>1@>45B5;8 =5 4020;8. ! 5IQ 1>;LH59 O@:>ABLN >BE>4OI0O ?>;>A0 @CAA:>9 687=8 A:070;0AL 2 ?>MB8G5A:>< >1@075 87K 0;8B8=>9.

0@O4C A CH:8=A:>9 "0BLO=>9, 870 ?@8=04;568B : G8A;C A010OB5;L=KE D83C@ @CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K. =0 2AO ?>@K2 : 4>1@C 8 35@>8G5A:>5 <8;>A5@485; >=0 >B=>A8BAO : ;N4O< A B>N G8AB> @CAA:>N, ;8HQ==>N 2=5H=53> 1;5A:0, => 3;C1>:> 2 A5@4F5 A84OI59 60;>ABLN, :>B>@0O E0@0:B5@87C5B 4@52=5@CAA:8E ?>4286=8F. K@>AH0O =0 @C:0E 1C4CI59 AE8<=8FK, 870 4CH52=K<8 :>@=O<8 2AO 2 AB0@>9, <8AB8G5A:>9 CA8. @>AB0O @CAA:0O 452CH:0, >=0 4065 =5 C<55B D>@20BL B> 2KA>:>5 8 4>1@>5, GB> =0?>;=O5B 5Q 4CHC; C 5Q =5B «A2>8E A;>2». 5 C<><, 0 A5@4F5< >=0 ?>=O;0 02@5F:>3> 8 ?>;N18;0 53> B>N =0@>4=> @CAA:>N ;N1>2LN, :>B>@0O A;>2> «;N18BL» 70<5=O5B A;>2>< «60;5BL». !>AB02;OO, 2<5AB5 A B5<, >@30=8G5A:>5 725=> AB0@>42>@O=A:>9 >15A?5G5==>9 687=8, A 5Q >BACBAB285< >1I5AB25==KE 8=B5@5A>2, 870 2>?;>I05B A>1>N BC ?>;>AC @CAA:>9 >1I5AB25==>AB8, :>340 2AO 687=L 65=I8=K A2>48;0AL : ;N128 8 :>340, ?>B5@?52 =5C40GC 2 =59, >=0 ;8H0;0AL 2AO:>9 F5;8 ACI5AB2>20=8O. !2>8< 7>@:8< B2>@G5A:8< >:>< "C@35=52 C65 2845; =0@>645=85 =>2>9 @CAA:>9 65=I8=K 8, :0: 2K@065=85 =>2>9 ?>;>AK @CAA:>9 687=8, A45;0; 5Q F5=B@>< A;54CNI53> >1I5AB25==>3> @><0=0 A2>53>: «0:0=C=5». #65 2 703;0288 53> 1K;> =5GB> A8<2>;8G5A:>5. AO @CAA:0O 687=L 1K;0 B>340 =0:0=C=5 :>@5==KE A>F80;L=>-3>AC40@AB25==KE ?5@5<5=, =0:0=C=5 @07@K20 A AB0@K<8 D>@<0<8 8 B@048F8O<8. 5@>8=O @><0=0, ;5=0 ?>MB8G5A:>5 >;8F5B2>@5=85 E0@0:B5@=>3> 4;O =0G0;L=KE ;5B M?>E8 @5D>@< =5>?@545;Q==>3> AB@5<;5=8O : E>@>H52>G=>3> ?@54AB02;5=8O >1 MB>< =>2>< 8 E>@>H5<. ;5=0 =5 >B40QB A515 2?>;=5 OA=>3> >BGQB0 2 A2>8E AB@5<;5=8OE, => 8=AB8=:B82=> 4CH0 5Q :C40-B> @25BAO: «>=0 645B», ?> >?@545;5=8N 2;N1;Q==>3> 2 =5Q EC4>6=8:0 (C18=0, 2 CAB0 :>B>@>3> 02B>@ 2;>68; 1>;LHCN G0ABL A2>8E A>1AB25==KE :><<5=B0@852 : A>1KB8O< @><0=0. 0: <>;>40O 452CH:0, >=0 640;0, :>=5G=>, ?@5645 2A53> ;N128. > 2 2K1>@5, :>B>@K9 >=0 A45;0;0 <564C B@5<8 2 =5Q <>;>4K<8 ;N4L<8, O@:> A:070;0AL ?A8E>;>38O =>2>9 @CAA:>9 65=I8=K, 0 A8<2>;8G5A:8 =>2>5 B5G5=85 @CAA:>9 >1I5AB25==>AB8. 0: 8 870 0;8B8=0, ;5=0 >B ?@8@>4K 25;8:>4CH=0 8 4>1@0; 8 5Q A 45BAB20 2;5G5B : =5AG0AB=K< 8 701@>H5==K<. > ;N1>2L 5Q =5 B>;L:> A>AB@040B5;L=0O: >=0 B@51C5B 45OB5;L=>9 1>@L1K A> 7;><. >B ?>G5>1@065=85 B0: ?>@065=> 2AB@5G5N A 1>;30@8=>< =A0@>2K<, ?>43>B>2;ONI8< 2>AAB0=85 ?@>B82 BC@>:. CABL >= 2> <=>38E >B=>H5=8OE =865 8 B0;0=B;82>3> H0;C=0 (C18=0, 8 4@C3>3> ?>:;>==8:0 45=K CGQ=>3> 8 1;03>@>4=>- 5@A5=520, 1C4CI53> ?@55<=8:0 @0=>2A:>3>; ?CABL >=, ?> >?@545;5=8N (C18=0, «ACHL», ?CABL 2 =Q< «B0;0=B>2 =8:0:8E, ?>M788 =5<0». > >H81AO 154=K9 (C18=, :>340, @07>1@02 :0G5AB20 =0G8=02H53> 2>71C640BL 53> >?0A5=8O =A0@>20, >= CB5H0; A51O B5<, GB> «MB8 :0G5AB20, A;020 >3C, =5 =@02OBAO 65=I8=0<. 10O=8O =5B, H0@ 1K;> 1K 25@=> 4;O ?@56=59 65=I8=K: =>20O @CAA:0O 65=I8=0 8 2 ;8F5 5Q =>20O @CAA:0O 687=L 8A:0;0 ?@5645 2A53> =@02AB25==>3> >10O=8O 8 ?@0:B8G5A:>3> >ACI5AB2;5=8O 8450;>2. «A2>1>48BL A2>N @>48=C. -B8 A;>20 B0: 25;8:8, GB> 4065 2K3>2>@8BL AB@0H=>», 2>A:;8F05B ;5=0 2 A2>Q< 4=52=8:5, ?@8?><8=0O A:070==>5 =A0@>2K< 8 2K1>@ 5Q A45;0=. =0 ?@5=51@5305B ?@8;8G8O<8, >B:07K205BAO >B >15A?5G5==>3> ?>;>65=8O 8 84QB A =A0@>2K< =0 1>@L1C 8 <>65B 1KBL =0 A<5@BL, :>340 =A0@>2 ?@56452@5<5==> C<8@05B >B G0E>B:8, ;5=0 @5H05B «>AB0BLAO 25@=>9 53> ?0AB02H8AL 25@=>9 «45;C 2A59 53> 687=8». >72@0B8BLAO =0 @>48=C >=0 =5 E>G5B. «5@=CBLAO 2 >AA8N», ?8H5B >=0 @>48B5;O< «70G5 45;0BL 2 >AA88?» 59AB285 ?@>8AE>48B 2 3;CECN ?>@C @50:F88 :>=F0 4>@5D>@<5==>9 M?>E8 8 GB>, 459AB28B5;L=>, 1K;> 45;0BL B>340 2 >AA88 G5;>25:C A B0:8< ?>@K2>< : @50;L=>ACI5AB2;5=8N >1I5AB25==KE 8450;>2? >=O;, =0:>=5F, B5?5@L (C18= AB@5<;5=85 ;5=K A>3;0A>20BL A;>2> 8 45;> 8 ?5G0;L=> @07<8 CE>40 ;5=K A =A0@>2K<. 8=8B >= 2 MB>< >BACBAB285 C =0A ;N459 A8;L=>9, >?@545;Q==>9 2>;8. «5B 5IQ C 20A =8:>3>, =5B ;N459, :C40 =8 ?>A<>B@8. A5 ;81> <5;N730, 3@K7C=K, 30<;5B8:8, A0<>54K, ;81> B5<=>B0 8 3;CHL ?>475<=0O, ;81> B>;:0G8, 87 ?CAB>3> 2 ?>@>6=55 ?5@5;820B5;8, 40 ?0;:8 10@010==K5! 5B, :01K 1K;8 <564C =0<8 ?CB=K5 ;N48, =5 CH;0 1K >B =0A MB0 452CH:0, MB0 GCB:0O 4CH0, =5 CA:>;L7=C;0 1K :0: @K10 2 2>4C!» > @><0= =540@>< =07K205BAO «0:0=C=5». >340 (C18= :>=G05B A2>N M;538N 2>73;0A><: «>340 65 =0H0 ?@84QB ?>@0? >340 C =0A =0@>4OBAO ;N48?», 53> A>15A54=8: 40QB 55 ME> 02B>@A:8E 4C< 5:, >B25B8; #20@ 20=>28G, 1C4CB».

A53> 420 3>40 >B45;ONB «0:0=C=5» >B ?>A;54CNI53> 8 A0<>3> 7=0<5=8B>3> >1I5AB25==>3> @><0=0 "C@35=520, «BF>2 8 45B59»; => >3@><=K5 ?5@5<5=K ?@>87>H;8 70 MB>B :>@>B:89 A@>: 2 >1I5AB25==KE B5G5=8OE. (8@>:8<8 2>;=0<8 :0B8;0AL B5?5@L @CAA:0O 687=L, 2A5 1>;55 8 1>;55 2K45;OO =0AB@>5=85, :>B>@>5 C65 =5 4>2>;LAB2>20;>AL =5>?@545;Q==K<8 ?5@A?5:B820<8 =0 ;CGH55 1C4CI55. 5402=55 @04>AB=>-C<8;Q==>5 548=>4CH85 2A5E A;>52 >1I5AB20 8AG57;>. 0@>640;>AL ?>:>;5=85, 40;5:> CH54H55 2 A2>8E AB@5<;5=8OE 8 8450;0E >B B>3> A:@><=>3> <8=825G5A:8E ?@02, :>B>@K9 4020;8 AB>O2H85 B>340 =0 >G5@548 @5D>@ :0: =8 @57:> 1K;> ?> ACI5AB2C >1>A>1;5=85 MB>9 =>2>9 >1I5AB25==>9 3@C??K, >=> 5IQ 1K;> 2 ?>43>B>28B5;L=>< D078A5 8 =8:>48;> =0 C< :>=AB0B8@>20BL @0A?045=85 ?@>3@5AA82=>3> B5G5=8O =0 420 ?>GB8 2@06451=KE 4@C3 4@C3C ;035@O. >340 "C@35=52 >4=>8E ?@8OB5;59, G5;>25:C >G5=L C<=>E8, A>>1I8; ?;0= «BF>2 8 45B59», B> ?>;CG8; >B25B, ?>25@3H89 53> 2 A>25@H5==>5 87C<;5=85: «0 254L BK, :065BAO, C65 ?@54AB028; ?>4>1=K9 B8?& 2 C48=5». «/ ?@><>;G0;, 3>2>@8B "C@35=52; GB> 1K;> A:070BL? C48= 8 070@>2 >48= 8 B>B 65 B8?!». ;O ?>@078B5;L=> B>=:>9 =01;N40B5;L=>AB8 "C@35=520 @0745;5=85 =0 420 ?>:>;5=8O >1@8A>2K20;>AL C65 OA=K<8 >G5@B0=8O<8; >= ?>=8<0; 2AN 3;C18=C @07;040. ?@>G5<, B@C4=> A:070BL, GB>1K "C@35=52C ?@8=04;560;0 B>;L:> G5ABL ?5@2>9 4803=>AB8:8, ?@>=8F0B5;L=>ABL :>B>@>9 C25;8G8205BAO B5<, GB> @><0=, E>BO 8 ?>O28;AO 2 =0G0;5 1862 3., => 70:>=G5= 1K; C65 ;5B>< 1861 3., 0 704C<0= 7=0G8B, :C40 @0=LH5, B> 5ABL 1C:20;L=> 2 A0<><5=B 70@>645=8O =>2KE =0AB@>5=89 <>;>4>3> ?>:>;5=8O. "CB C65 :0: 1C4B> =5 ?@>AB>5 :>=AB0B8@>20=85: 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 AB5?5=8 @><0= "C@35=520 A>459AB2>20; A0<>20=8N =>2>3> <8@>A>75@F0=8O. «BF0E 8 45BOE» 4>AB83;0 A0<>3> ?>;=>3> 2K@065=8O >4=0 87 A0A>15==>AB59 =>259H59 @CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K 2>>1I5 8 "C@35=520 2 G0AB=>AB8 B5A=59H0O A2O7L ;8B5@0BC@=>3> 2>7459AB28O A @50;L=K<8 B5G5=8O<8 >1I5AB25==KE =0AB@>5=89.

?@>872545=8OE "C@35=520 ;8B5@0BC@0 8 687=L 4> B0:>9 AB5?5=8 A1;860NBAO >4=0 A 4@C3>N, GB> ?@8 0=0;875 B>3> 8;8 4@C3>3> 2>A?@>87254Q==>3> 8<8 >1I5AB25==>3> O2;5=8O G0AB> =5;L7O >B;8G8BL, 345 :>=G05BAO ;8B5@0BC@=K9 35=578A 53> 8 345 =0G8=05BAO =5?>A@54AB25==>5 459AB285 >1I5AB25==KE A8;. =0>1>@>B ?@8 87CG5=88 >B45;L=KE "C@35=52A:8E B8?>2 B@C4=> A:070BL, 345 >B@065=85 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 8 345 AD5@0 ?@>@>G5A:8 ;8B5@0BC@=>3> B2>@G5AB20. ! C4828B5;L=>N GCB:>ABLN >B@060O =>A82H85AO 2 2>74CE5 =0AB@>5=8O 8 25O=8O M?>E8, "C@35=52 A0< 4> 8725AB=>9 AB5?5=8 O2;O;AO B2>@F>< >1I5AB25==KE B5G5=89. ><0=0<8 "C@35=520 =5 B>;L:> 70G8BK20;8AL: 53> 35@>O< 8 35@>8=O< ?>4@060;8 2 687=8. @8ABC?0O : 87>1@065=8N =>2>O2;5==KE «45B59», "C@35=52 =5 <>3 =5 A>7=020BL A2>59 >BGC64Q==>AB8 >B =8E. «0:0=C=5» >= AB>8B =0 AB>@>=5 <>;>4KE 35@>52 @><0=0, 0 ?@54 ;5=>9, AB>;L H>:8@>202H59 A2>8<8 >BABC?;5=8O<8 >B CA;>2=>9 <>@0;8 ;N459 AB0@>3> ?>:>;5=8O, ?@O<> ?@5:;>=O5BAO. "0:>9 A8 = =5 <>3 GC2AB2>20BL : 070@>2C, A 53> <0B5@80;8AB8G5A:8< ?@5=51@565=85< : 8A:CAAB2C 8 ?>M788, A 53> @57:>ABLN, AB>;L GC64>9 9 =0BC@5 "C@35=520. > >BAN40 5IQ 15A:>=5G=> 40;5:> 4> «>:;525B0=8O» 2A53> <>;>4>3> ?>:>;5=8O, 2 :>B>@>< ?0@B89=>5 >7;>1;5=85 2845;> >A=>2=>9 <>B82 @><0=0, 8 4> ?>;=>3> @07@K20 A =>2K< B5G5=85<. :064>< 87 :@C?=KE ?@>872545=89 "C@35=520 5ABL 459AB2CNI55 ;8F>, 2 CAB0 :>B>@>3> >= 2;030; A2>Q A>1AB25==>5 B>=:>5 8 <5B:>5 >AB@>C<85, ?@840202H55 B0:>9 0@B8AB8G5A:89 8=B5@5A ;8G=>9 15A545 "C@35=520 (B0:>2K, =0?@8<5@, 830A>2 2 « C48=5», (C18= 2 «0:0=C=5», >BC38= 2 «K<5»). «BF0E 8 45BOE» 2AO MB0 O4>28B>ABL A>A@54>B>G8;0AL 2 070@>25, C :>B>@>3> C65 ?>MB>4=><0AA0 B>G5: A>?@8:>A=>25=8O A 02B>@><. @8 2AQ< :>@5==>< @07=>3;0A88 A> <=>38<8 2>77@5=8O<8 070@>20, >= 2A5 65 2=CH0; "C@35=52C A5@LQ7=>5 C2065=85. «> 2A5 2@520; : 070@>2C =52>;L=>5 2;5G5=85», >B<5G05B "C@35=52 2 A2>Q< 4=52=8:5 2 45=L >:>=G0=8O @><0=0 8 2?>;=5 ?>=OB=>, ?>G5?8AFC 1572>;8O 8 15AA8;8O ?5@568B>3> ?5@8>40, =5 <>3;> =5 8 =8@>20BL B>, GB> A ?>O2;5=85< 070@>2KE 8AG5705B G0E;0O ?>@>40 @>AA89A:8E 0<;5B>2 8 CABC?05B <5AB> :@5?:8< =0BC@0<, 7=0NI8<, G53> >=8 E>BOB. > 2AO:>< A;CG05, 2 1>@L15 42CE ?>:>;5=89 02B>@ 5A;8 =5 =0 AB>@>=5 «45B59», B> 8 =5 =0 AB>@>=5 «>BF>2». 8@A0=>2C 4O45 >= >B=>A8BAO ?>;C-8@>=8G5A:8; 8@A0=>2->B5F 4>1@K9, => =540;5:89 G5;>25:; A@02=8B5;L=> C<5@5==K9 8@A0=>2-AK= 157CA;>2=> ?0AC5B ?@54 A2>8< @048:0;L=K< 4@C3>< 070@>2K<.

5C4828B5;L=>, GB> GC640O =0H8E ?0@B89=KE A?>@>2 =5<5F:0O :@8B8:0 2K@060;0 2?>A;54AB288 25;8:>5 C482;5=85 B><>3;0 ?0@B8O «@048:0;>2» CA<>B@5BL >B@8F0B5;L=>5 >B=>H5=85 2 «B0:>< 3>@4>< >1@075, >40@Q==>< B0:>9 A8;>9 E0@0:B5@0 8 B0:>9 ?>;=>9 >BGC64Q==>ABLN >B 2A53> <5;:>3>, ?>H;>3>, 2O;>3> 8 ;>6=>3>». ><5AB82H89 @><0= 2 A2>Q< 6C@=0;5 0B:>2 ?8A0; "C@35=52C: «K ?@5A<>;>4K< ?>:>;5=85<э». > @><0= ?>O28;AO 2 >G5=L >AB@K9 <><5=B: 2=>2L >68;> AB0@>5 ?>=OB85 > «2@54=KE» 845OE, =C6=0 1K;0 :;8G:0 4;O >1>7=0G5=8O ?>;8B8G5A:>3> @048:0;87<0. Q =0H;8 2 A;>25 «=838;8AB», :>B>@K< 070@>2 >?@545;O5B A2>Q >B@8F0B5;L=>5 :> 2A5B=>H5=85. ! C60A>< 70<5B8; "C@35=52, :0:>5 C?>B@51;5=85 A45;0;8 87 MB>3> B5@<8=0 ;N48, A ?>;8B8G5A:8<8 273;O40<8 :>B>@KE >= =5 8<5; =8G53> >1I53>.

;8B5@0BC@5 2@06451=>5 >B=>H5=85 : @><0=C O@G5 2A53> A:070;>AL 2 AB0BL5 :@8B8:0 «!>2@5<5==8:0», . . =B>=>28G0: «A<>459 =0H53> 2@5<5=8». ! «!>2@5<5==8:><э», 345 4> 1859 3. "C@35=52 1K; ?>AB>O==K< A>B@C4=8:><, C =53> C65 @0=LH5 CAB0=>28;8AL E>;>4=K5 >B=>H5=8O, G0ABLN 87-70 ;8G=KE >B=>H5=89 "C@35=520 : 5:@0A>2C, G0ABLN ?>B> @048:0;87< '5@=KH52A:>3> 8 >1@>;N1>20 =5 1K; A8 2AQ-B0:8, 2A53> 70 ?>;B>@0 3>40 ?5@54 B5<, «0:0=C=5» =0H;> =0 AB@0=8F0E «!>2@5<5==8:0» 2>AB>@65==CN >F5=:C 2 8725AB=>9 AB0BL5 >1@>;N1>20: «>340 65 ?@84QB =0AB>OI89 45=L», 0 B5?5@L "C@35=52 1K; D>@<0;L=> ?@8G8A;5= : @5B@>3@04=>9 >@30= «45B59» « CAA:>5 !;>2>», 2 ;8F5 8A0@520 =5 B>;L:> =5 CA<>B@5; 2 070@>25 :;525BK, => ?@87=0; 53> A2>8< 8450;><. >1I5<, >4=0:>, ?>;>65=85 "C@35=520, :0: ;N1852 G8B0NI59 ?C1;8:8 8 2K@078B5;O ?5@54>2KE AB@5<;5=89 @CAA:>3> >1I5AB20, 1K;> ?>:>;51;5=>.

A;8 273;O=CBL =0 070@>20 A 8AB>@8G5A:>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O, :0: =0 B8?, >B@060NI89 =0AB@>5=85 H5AB845AOBKE 33., B> >=, =5A><=5==>, AB@0405B =5?>;=>B>N. 048:0;87< >1I5AB25==>-?>;8B8G5A:89, AB>;L A8;L=K9 2 MB> 2@5<0=5 ?>GB8 =5 70B@>=CB; B> <5AB>, 345 070@>2 2K@0605B ?>;=>5 @02=>4CH85 : B> C @>H0O 8710, 40QB ?@O<> =525@=>5 ?@54AB02;5=85 > 2>AB>@65==>< 45<>:@0B87<5 =>2>3> ?>:>;5=8O.

?@><56CB:0E <564C G5BK@L<5=8BK<8 A2>8<8 @><0=0<8 "C@35=52 =0?8A0; 24C<;5B 8 >=-8E>B» (1860) 8 B@8 70<5G0B5;L=K5 ?>25AB8: «$0CAB» (1856), «AO» (1858), «5@20O ;N1>2L» (1860), 2 :>B>@KE 40; =5A:>;L:> ?@82;5:0B5;L=59H8E 65=A:8E >1@07>2. =O6=0 0A5:8=0 («5@20O ;N1>2L») ?@>AB> 3@0F8>7=>-:>:5B;820, => 35@>8=O «$0CAB0» 8 AO =0BC@K =5>1K:=>25==> 3;C1>:85 8 F5;L=K5. 5@20O A3>@5;0 >B 3;C18=K GC2AB20, 2=570?=> =0 =5Q =0;5B52H53>; AO, ?>4>1=> 0B0;L5 2 « C48=5», A?0A;0AL 153AB2>< >B A2>53> GC2AB20, :>340 C2845;0, :0: =5 A>>B25BAB2C5B 53> A8;5 1572>;L=K9 G5;>25: :>B>@>3> >=0 ?>;N18;0. «BF0E 8 5BOE» B2>@G5AB2> "C@35=520 4>AB83;> A2>59 :C;L<8=0F8>==>9 B>G:8. ?>O282H8EAO 2 1864 3. «@87@0:0E» M;5<5=B D0=B0AB8G5A:89 ?5@5?;5B05BAO A @0AAC4>G=K<. "C 65 A<5AL 65;0=8O >B@5H8BLAO >B A>2@5<5==>AB8 A @074@065=85< ?@>B82 5Q ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>N A2>5>1@07=K9 «>B@K2>:» 87 70?8A>: «C<5@H53> EC4>6=8:0» «>2>;L=>» (1865). /A=> GC2AB2C5BAO, GB> >E;0645=85, 2K720==>5 «BF0<8 8 5BL<8», 1>;57=5==> A:070;>AL 2 A5@4F5 02B>@0, AB>;L ?@82K:H5< 2 2A5>1I59 G8B0B5;LA:>9 ;N128. KAH59 B>G:8 02B>@A:>5 @074@065=85 4>AB83;> 2 «K<5» (1867). "@C4=> A:070BL, :0:0O 87 >1I5AB25==>-?>;8B8G5A:8E 3@C?? B>3> 2@5<5=8 87>1@065=0 745AL 7;55.

>;>4>5 ?>:>;5=85 8 703@0=8G=0O M<83@0F8O ?@54AB02;5=K A >4=>9 AB>@>=K 2 @O45 4C@0G:>2 8 B0@0B>@OI8E 10@K=L, A 4@C3>9 2 :>;;5:F88 ;N18B5;59 B0: 8;8 8=0G5 ?>68BL =0 GC6>9 AGQB. «BF0E 8 5BOE» "C@35=52 ?@>2>48; @57:CN 45<0@:0F8>==CN ;8=8N <564C C15645==K<8 ?@54AB028B5;O<8 =>2KE 8459 8 B0:8<8 =8GB>6=K<8 ?@8E2>AB=O<8 2@5<5=8, :0: «M<0=A8?8@>20==0O» 3C15@=A:0O 10@K=L:0 C:H8=0 8 A>548=ONI89 «?@>3@5AA82=>ABL» A ?@>40659 2>4:8 >B:C?I8G5A:89 AK=>: !KB=8:>2. «K<5» !KB=8:>2K 40 C2H8=K 2KABC?0NB =0 ?5@2K9 ?;0=, 0 M<83@0F8O >;8F5B2>@5=0 2 D83C@5 «25;8:>3>» <>;G0;L=8:0 C10@520, A;020 :>B>@>3> 45@68BAO =0 B><, GB> >= =8:>340 =8G53> =5 3>2>@8B 8 B>;L:> 3;C1>:> 8740QB :0:>5-B> =5G;5=>@0745;L=>5 ;L 65 ?5G0;L=>< >A25I5=88 O2;O5BAO 0@8AB>:@0B8G5A:0O A@540, A>18@0NI0OAO ?>4 «arbre russe» 2 045=-045=5 8 ?@540NI0OAO :0:>9 B> 20:E0=0;88 @50:F8>==KE 2>645;5=89. 0:>=5F, A;02O=>D8;LA:85 <5GB0=8O > @CAA:>9 A0<>1KB=>AB8 ?@540NBAO A0<>28B><;5=8N 2 @5G0E 65;G=>3> 70?04=8:0 >BC38=0, CAB0<8 :>B>@>3> =5A><=5==> 3>2>@8B 8=>340 A0< 02B>@. 1I89 ?5AA8<87< ?@>=8:05B ?>25ABL, =0720=85 :>B>@>9 =025O=> 2A5 «;N4A:>5» 4K<, 8 «>A>15==> 2AQ @CAA:>5». 0@>:A87< @074@065=8O 4;8;AO, >4=0:>, =54>;3>. «8B5@0BC@=KE 2>A?><8=0=8OE» (1868), "C@35=52 3>2>@8B C65 157 2AO:>9 3>@5G8 > A2>59 @07<>;2:5 A ?@>3@5AA82=K<8 M;5<5=B0<8 8 D0:B8G5A:8 4>:07K205B, :0: 40;Q: >= 1K; >B 65;0=8O =0?8A0BL 2 «BF0E 8 5BOE» :0@8:0BC@C =0 <>;>4>5 ?>:>;5=85 2>>1I5 8 =0 >1@>;N1>20 2 G0AB=>AB8. B>< 65 3>4C 1K; ?@5>1@07>20= 2 >1I5;8B5@0BC@=K9 6C@=0; «5AB=8: 2@>?K»; "C@35=52 AB0=>28BAO 53> ?>AB>O==K< A>B@C4=8:>< 8 @07@K205B A2O78 A 0B:>2K<. -B>B @07@K2 =5 >1>HQ;AO "C@35=52C 40@><. 3> AB0;8 ?@5A;54>20BL 8 2 « CAA:>< 25AB=8:5», 8 2 «>A:>2A:8E 54><>ABOE», =0?04:8 :>B>@KE AB0;8 >A>15==> >65AB>GQ==K<8 2 :>=F5 1870-E 3>4>2, :>340 ?> ?>2>4C >20F89, 2K?02H8E =0 4>;N "C@35=520, 0B:>2A:89 >@30= C25@O;, GB> "C@35=52 «:C2K@:05BAO» ?@54 ?@>3@5AA82=>9 <>;>456LN. O4 =51>;LH8E ?>25AB59, A :>B>@K<8 "C@35=52 2KABC?8; 2 :>=F5 1860-E 33. 8 ?5@2>9 ?>;>28=5 1870-E («@83048@», «AB>@8O ;59B5=0=B0 @3C=>20», «5AG0AB=0O», «!B@0==0O 8AB>@8O», «!B5?=>9 :>@>;L 8@», «!BC:, ABC:, ABC:», «5H=85 2>4K», «C=8= 8 01C@8=», «!BCG8B» 8 4@.) 25AL >B=>A8BAO : :0B53>@88 2>A?><8=0=89 > 40;Q:>< ?@>H;><. 0 8A:;NG5=85< «5H=8E 2>4», 35@>9 :>B>@KE ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>N 5IQ >4=> 8=B5@5A=>5 4>102;5=85 : "C@35=52A:>9 30;5@55 1572>;L=KE ;N459, 2A5 MB8 ?>25AB8 <0;> ?@8102;ONB : «B>B0;8B5BC» :0: 3>2>@8;8 2 1840-E 3>40E ;8B5@0BC@=>3> 7=0G5=8O "C@35=520. >745@60=85 "C@35=520 >B @07@01>B:8 1>;55 A>2@5<5==KE B5< 4> 8725AB=>9 AB5?5=8 >1JOA=O5BAO B5<, GB> >= B5?5@L 2A5 <5=LH5 8 <5=LH5 AB0;:820;AO A 682>9 @CAA:>9 459AB28B5;L=>ABLN.

#65 =0G8=0O A 1856 3., :>340 A =53> >:>=G0B5;L=> 1K;0 A=OB0 >?0;0, >= ?>4>;3C 6820; 70 3@0=8F5N, B> ;5G0AL =0 2>40E, B> 3>ABO C 80@4>; => 2AQ-B0:8 >= =5@54:> 1K20; 8 C A51O 2 !?0AA:><, 8 2 5B5@1C@35. ! =0G0;0 1860-E 3>4>2 >= A>2A5< ?>A5;O5BAO 2 045=-045=5, 345 «Villa Tourgueneff», 1;03>40@O B> B0< 65 ?>A5;8;0AL A5, AB0;0 8=B5@5A=59H8< -0@B8AB8G5A:8< F5=B@><. >9=0 1870 3. ?>1C48;0 A5 ?>:8=CBL 5@<0=8N 8 ?5@5A5;8BLAO 2 0@86; ?5@51@0;AO BC40 8 "C@35=52. 5@5A5;5=85 2 0@86 A1;878;> "C@35=520 A> <=>38<8 M<83@0=B0<8 8 2>>1I5 A 703@0=8G=>9 <>;>4Q6LN, :>B>@0O B5?5@L ?5@5AB0;0 53> GC640BLAO, 8 C =53> A=>20 O28;0AL >E>B0 >B:;8:=CBLAO =0 7;>1C 4=O: @52>;NF8>==>5 «E>645=85 2 =0@>4». '0ABLN ;8G=K5 2?5G0B;5=8O, G0ABLN <0B5@80;K, :>B>@K5 5AB02;O;8 4@C7LO 87 >AA88 (2 B>< G8A;5 4>:C<5=BK ?> B0: =07K205<>F5AAC 50»), A>740;8 2 =Q< C25@5==>ABL, GB> >= A<>65B AE20B8BL >1ICN D878>=><8N @CAA:>3> @52>;NF8>==>3> 42865=8O. @57C;LB0B5 ?>;CG8;AO A0 >1JQ =5 ?> 7=0G5=8N 87 @><0=>2 "C@35=520, «>2L» (1877). ;C1>:> C1564Q==K9 2 B><, GB> @52>;NF8>==>5 42865=85 =5 8<55B ?>G2K 2 >AA88, "C@35=52 B5< =5 <5=55 >B=QAAO A ?>;=K< 2=8<0=85< : B>;>38G5A:>@K2C, :>B>@K9 A>740; 42865=85. #;>28BL 53> =081>;55 E0@0:B5@=K9 G5@BK "C@35=520 C40;>AL =5 2?>;=5. = A45;0; F5=B@>< @><0=0 >4=>3> 87 >1KG=KE 2 53> ?@>872545=8OE 1572>;L=KE ;N459, AB>;L E0@0:B5@=KE 4;O ?>:>;5=8O 1840-E, => =8:0: =5 1870-E 3>4>2. 5640=>2 =5C40G=8:, 84CI89 ?@>?030=48@>20BL, GB>1K CB8H8BL A5@45G=CN 1>;L, 8 ;8HQ==K9 C25@5==>AB8 2 ?@02>B5 A2>53> 45;0.

5C4828B5;L=>, GB> ?5@2K5 65 =5C40G8 2K7K20NB 2 =Q< 3;C1>:>5 >BG0O=85 8 >= ;8H05B A51O 687=8 C ?>@>30 45;0. 5A>>B25BAB2CNI8< 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 >:070;>AL 8 65;0=85 "C@35=520 C;>28BL =>2K9 B8? ;N459 =53@><:>9 8 =5MDD5:B=>9, => =0AB>OI59 @01>BK =0 ?>;L7C =0@>4C, 2 ;8F5 !>;><8=0 8 0@80==K. «>2L» 8<5;0 =5 1>;55 :0: succes destime. 7 ?>74=59H8E ?@>872545=89 "C@35=520 («!>=», « 0AA:07 >BF0 ;5:A5O», «BG0O==K9», «;0@0 8;8G» 8 4@. =081>;LH55 2=8<0=85 >1@0B8;8 =0 A51O «5A=L B>@65AB2CNI59 ;N128» 8 «!B8E>B2>@5=8O 2 ?@>75». KA>:>-?>MB8G5A:0O «5A=L B>@65AB2CNI59 ;N128» 2848<> 8;;NAB@8@C5B ?5=30C5@0 > 35=88 @>40, B> 5ABL > B>9 15AA>7=0B5;L=>AB8, ?>4 2;8O=85< :>B>@>9 <8<> A2>53> 65;0=8O, 845< 2 A2>59 ?>;>2>9 687=8 ?> ?CB8, 254CI54>;65=8N @>40. @52>AE>4=K5 «!B8E>B2>@5=8O 2 ?@>75» (1882) ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 @O4 =0:>?82H8EAO 70 4>;385 3>4K >B45;L=KE :, >B;82H8EAO 2 C4828B5;L=> 87OI=CN, 704CH52=CN 8 2<5AB5 A B5< A8;L=CN D>@=FC 687=8 A;020 "C@35=520 4>AB83;0 A2>53> 0?>35O :0: 2 >AA88, 345 >= >?OBL AB0=>28BAO 2A5>1I8< ;N18?5, 345 :@8B8:0, 2 ;8F5 A08E ?@54AB028B5;59 "M=0, 5=0=0, @0=45A0 8 4@. ?@8G8A;8;0 53> : ?5@2K< ?8A0B5;O< 25:0. @8574K 53> 2 >AA8N 2 18781881 33. 1K;8 8AB8==K<8 B@8C< 1>;57=5==55 2A5E ?>@078;8 25AB8 > BO6Q;>< >1>@>B5, :>B>@K9 A 1882 3. ?@8=O;8 53> >1KG=K5 ?>403@8G5A:85 1>;8. #<8@0; "C@35=52 , A ?>;=K< A>7=0=85< 1;87:>3> :>=F0, => 157 2AO:>3> AB@0E0 ?@54 =8<. 8A0B5;L A:>=G0;AO 2 C6820;5 ?>4 0@865<, 22 023CAB0 (3 A5=BO1@O ?> =>2>

!<5@BL 53> ?@>8725;0 >3@><=>5 2?5G0B;5=85, 2K@065=85< :>B>@>3> 1K;8 3@0=48>7=K5 ?>E>@>=K. "5;> 25;8:>3> ?8A0B5;O 1K;>, A>3;0A=> 53> 65;0=8N, ?@82575=> 2 5B5@1C@3 8 ?>E>@>=5=> =0 >;:>2A:>< :;0418I5 ?@8 >3@><=>< AB5G5=88 =0@>40.