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!>G8=5=89 C:>2A:>3> 1K;> =5A:>;L:> 8740=89; => 87 =8E ?>;=>5 B>;L:> >4=>, 2 :>B>@><, 2?@>G5<, =5B 53> ?5@52>4>2 ?@>7>N {"5@52>4K 2 ?@>75 . C:>2A:>3>". OBL G0AB59. >A:20. 1816-1817 3>40.}. 5@2K5 ?OBL B><>2 1K;8 8740=K 2 5B5@1C@35 2 1835 3>4C, ?>4 B8BC;>< "!B8E>B2>@5=8O . C:>2A:>3>"; A54L<>9 B>< 8740= B>65 2 1835 3>4C, ?>4 B8BC;>< " 2 ?@>75 . C:>2A:>3>"; H5AB>9 B>< "!B8E>B2>@5=89" 2 1836, 0 2>AL<>9 (B>65 "!B8E>B2>@5=89") - 2 1837; B5?5@L 2KH5; 452OBK9 B><. = 70:;NG05B 2 A515 C65 8725AB=K5 ?C1;8:5 =>2K5 AB8E>B2>@5=8O 7=0<5=8B>3> ?>MB0: "0;L 8 0<0O=B8", 8=489A:0O ?>25ABL, A =5<5F:>3>; "0<>5=A", 4@0<0B8G5A:89 >B@K2>:, ?>4@060=85 0;L5 :;0418I5", @5520 M;538O, =>2K9 ?5@52>4; ">@>48=A:0O 3>4>2I8=0"; ">;8B2>9 =0H59 1>3 AB B>< >1J5<;5B A>1>N 8 2AN 45OB5;L=>ABL ?>MB0 >B 1838 4> 1844 3>40, B> =5;L7O A:070BL, GB>1 >= B5?5@L <5=LH5 ?8A0;, =565;8 ?@5645, ?>B> MB8 2A5 452OBL B><>2 (70 8A:;NG5=85< ?5@52>4>2 2 ?@>75) =0?8A0=K 8< 2 ?@>4>;65=85 A>@>:0 ;5B. !0: 4>AB>8=AB20 2 A>G8=5=8OE C:>2A:>3> 5I5 1>;55 70AB02;O5B A>60;5BL >1 C<5@5==>AB8 2 8E :>;8G5AB25. C1;8:5 8725AB=> =0H5 <=5=85 > 7=0G5=88 MB>3> ?>MB0 2 @CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 {"B5G5AB25==K5 70?8A:8", 1843, B. XXX3.}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B5:AB5 ?@8<5G0=89 ?@8=OBK A;54CNI85 A>:@0I5=8O:

==5=:>2 - . . ==5=:>2. 8B5@0BC@=K5 2>A?><8=0=8O. >A;8B8740B, 1960.

- 81;8>B5:0 :045<88 =0C: !!! 2 5=8=3@045.

5;8=A:89, !!! - . . 5;8=A:89. >;=. A>1@. A>G., B. I-XIII. ., 74-2> !!! , 1953-1959.

5@F5= - . . 5@F5=. !>1@. A>G. 2 30-B8 B><0E. ., 74-2> !!! , 1954-1966.

- >AC40@AB25==0O ?C1;8G=0O 181;8>B5:0 8<5=8 . . !0;BK:>20-)54@8=0.

>1@>;N1>2 - . . >1@>;N1>2. !>1@. A>G., B. 1-9. .-., 1961-1964.

8@552A:89 - >;=. A>1@. A>G. . . 8@552A:>3> 2 42CE B><0E ?>4 @540:F859 . 5@H5=7>=0. ., 1911.

!A - . . 5;8=A:89. !>G., G. I-XII. ., 74-2> . !>;40B5=:>20 8 . )5?:8=0, 1859-1862 (A>AB02;5=85 8 @540:B8@>20=85 8740=8O >ACI5AB2;5=> . X. 5BG5@><).

!A, !?8A>: I, II... - @8;>65==K9 : :064>9 87 ?5@2KE 45AOB8 G0AB59 A?8A>: @5F5=789 5;8=A:>3>, =5 2>H54H8E 2 40==>5 8740=85 "?> =57=0G8B5;L=>AB8 A2>59".

 - "8B5@0BC@=>5 =0A;54AB2>". ., 74-2> !!! .

><>=>A>2 - . . ><>=>A>2. >;=. A>1@. A>G., B. 1-10. .-., 74-2> !!! , 1950-1959.

0=052 - . . 0=052. 8B5@0BC@=K5 2>A?><8=0=8O. ., >A;8B8740B, 1950.

AA - >;=. A>1@. A>G. . . 5;8=A:>3> ?>4 @540:F859 !. . 5=35@>20 (B. I-XI) 8 . !. !?8@84>=>20 (B. XII-XIII), 1900-1948.

CH:8= - CH:8=. >;=. A>1@. A>G., B. I-XVI. ., 74-2> !!! , 1937-1949.

'5@=KH52A:89 - . . '5@=KH52A:89. >;=. A>1@. A>G. 2 15-B8 B><0E. ., >A;8B8740B, 1939-1953.

!B8E>B2>@5=8O . C:>2A:>3>. ">< 452OBK9... (A. 496-503).

?5@2K5 - "B5G5AB25==K5 70?8A:8", 1844, B. XXXVII, No 11, >B4. VI "81;8>3@0D8G5A:0O E@>=8:0", A. 14-19 (F. @. 31 >:BO1@O; 2K?. 2 A25B 1 =>O1@O). 57 ?>4?8A8. >H;> 2 !A, G. IX, A. 176-186.

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

1 7 "04?8A8 : ?>@B@5BC . . %5@0A:>20" . . <8B@8520. =O7L ;048<8@ - 35@>9 ?>M20 ";048<8@ 2>7@>645==K9" (1785), >0== IV - 35@>9 ?>MAA8O40" (1779).

2 AB@>=>< 0:045<8: !. /. C<>2A:89 1K; 8725AB5= B0:65 :0: ;5:A8:>3@0D 8 ?5@52>4G8:. "==0;K" "0F8B0 2 53> ?5@52>45 1K;8 8740=K ?>4 =0720=85< "5B>" (2 4-E G0ABOE, 1806-1809).

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