N1>2L 2 ?>M788 0O:>2A:>3>
/ A2>5, 75<=>5,
=5 4>68;,
=0 75<;5
A2>5 =5 4>;N18;.
. 0O:>2A:89
87=L . . 0O:>2A:>3> A> 2A5<8 55 @04>ABO<8 8 3>@5ABO<8, 1>;LN 8 >BG0O=85< 2 53> AB8E0E. @>872545=8O ?>MB0 @0AA:07K20NB =0< > 687=8 ?>MB0, > 53> ;N128, > B><, :>340 8 :0:>9 >=0 1K;0.
A0B2>@5=8OE (/, N1>2L, B@03548O ;048<8@ 0O:>2A:89) > ;N128 3>2>@8BAO 2=5 A2O78 A ;8G=K<8 ?5@56820=8O<8 ?>MB0. > 2>B 2K >B:@K205B5 ?>M 2 HB0=0E 8 20A A@07C >E20BK205B B@52>6=>5 >ICI5=85 1>;LH>9 8 AB@0AB=>9 ;N128:
56=K5!
K ;N1>2L =0 A:@8?:8 ;568B5.
N1>2L =0 ;8B02@K ;>68B 3@C1K9.
A51O, :0: O, 2K25@=CBL =5 <>65B5,
GB>1K 1K;8 >4=8 A?;>H=K5 3C1K!
40;LH5 A B>9 65 B@038G5A:>9 A8;>9 ?>MB @0AA:07K205B > A2>59 157>B25B=>9 ;N128, 60@:8< ?;0<5=5< >E20B82H59 53> A5@4F5, ?@8G8=82H59 5;L:
0<0!
0H AK= ?@5:@0A=> 1>;5=!
0<0!
# =53> ?>60@ A5@4F0.
-B0 B@038G5A:0O ;N1>2L =5 2K4C<0=0. >MB =0AB>9G82> C156405B =0A 2 ?@02482>AB8 ?5@56820=89, >?8A0==KE 2 ?>M<5:
K 4C<05B5, MB> 1@548B <0;O@8O?
-B> 1K;>, 1K;> 2 45AA5.
@84C 2 G5BK@5, A:070;0 0@8O.
>A5
2>B,
3@><04=K9,
3>@1;NAL 2 >:=5,
?;02;N ;1>< AB5:;> >:>H5==>5.
C45B ;N1>2L 8;8 =5B?..
0! N1>2L 1K;0, 8 >= 3>@5; 2 =59 O@:8< ?;0<5=5<. 0284 C@;N:, 2<5AB5 A 0O:>2A:8< 2KABC?02H89 2 1914 3>4C 2 45AA5, 2 A2>8E 2>A?><8=0=8OE 3>2>@8B, GB> ?5@2>9 ;N1>2LN 0O:>2A:>3> 1K;0 0@8O, :>B>@CN >= 2AB@5B8; 2 45AA5. >MB 0A8;89 0<5=A:89, 1K2H89 2<5AB5 A =8< 2 45AA5, @0AA:07K205B >1 MB>< 3>@074> ?>4@>1=55: 0O:>2A:89 2;N18;AO 745AL 2 :@0A028FC 0@8N ;5:A0=4@>2=C... 72>;=>20==K9, 27<5B5==K9 28E@5< ;N1>2=KE ?5@56820=89, ?>A;5 ?5@2KE A2840=89 A 0@859 >= 2;5B0; : =0< 2 3>AB8=8FC MB0:8< ?@074=8G=K< 25A5==8< <>@A:8< 25B@>< 8 2>AB>@65==> ?>2B>@O;: >B MB> 452CH:0! >B MB> 452CH:0!"
0A8;89 0<5=A:89 65 @0AA:07K205B > B@038G5A:>< 8AE>45 ?5@2>9 ;N128 0O:>2A:>3> 8 > B><, GB> ?>765, 2A?><8=0O, GB> 1K;> 2 45AA5, ?>MB A 3>@5GLN A:070;: N18BL =5;L7O <0AA0 BO65;KE =5?@8OB=>AB59.
7 4@C38E 8AB>G=8:>2 8725AB=>, GB> <564C 0O:>2A:8< 8 0@859 2AB0;> ?@5?OBAB285, >4=> 87 B5E, :>B>@K5 ?>@>640;8AL B>340H=59 >1I5AB25==>9 687=LN, A>F80;L=K<8 CA;>28O<8, >A=>20==K<8 =0 =5@025=AB25 ;N459, =0 3>A?>4AB25 <0B5@80;L=KE @0AG5B>2 8;8 >1K20B5;LA:8E ?@54@0AAC4:>2. ?>M<5 MB> >G5=L :@0B:>5 >1JOA=5=85 A;>20<8 A0<>9 0@88, => G5 =04>;3> 70?><8=05< MB8 C189AB25==K5 AB@>:8:
>H;0 BK,
@57:0O, :0: =0B5!,
A:070;0:
=05B5
O 2KE>6C 70
> 2>B 5I5 GB> 8725AB=>: ?>A;5 A<5@B8 0O:>2A:>3> MB0 65=I8=0 (. . (045=:>, 2 4528G5AB25 5=8A>20) A>740;0 >48= 87 ?5@2KE A:C;L?BC@=KE ?>@B@5B>2 0O:>2A:>3>.
CB8 ;N128 =58A?>2548A8B >=0 ?>MBC G0I5 2A53> 1>;L 8 3>@5. ?>M<5 $;59B0-?>72>=>G=8: (1915), :0: 8 2 1;0:5..., 72CG8B =5 @04>ABL ;N128, 0 >BG0O=85:
5@ABK C;8F 27<0E0<8 H03>2 <=C.
C40 C94C O, MB>B 04 B0O!
0:>D<0=C
2K4C<0;0AL BK, ?@>:;OB0O?!
, >1@0I0OAL : >3C, ?>MB B@51C5B:
...A;KH8HL!
C15@8 ?@>:;OBCN BC,
:>B>@CN A45;0; <>59 ;N18<>9!
B><, GB> ?>MB =5 =0H5; 2 ;N128 A2>53> AG0ABLO, A 3>@5GLN 3>2>@8B >= 8 2 ?>M<5 '5;>25::
@5<=5
=0@CG=8:8, ;N128 BKAOG5;5B8O...
N1>2L ?@54AB05B 745AL 2 >1@070E,
2K@060NI8E >4=> ;8HL AB@040=85:
B>;L:> 1>;L <>O >AB@59 AB>N,
>3=5< >128B, =0 =5A3>@0NI5< :>AB@5 =5<>9 ;N128.
AB8E0E, >1@0I5==KE : ;N18<>9, AB>;L:> AB@0AB8, =56=>AB8 8 2<5AB5 A B5< A><=5=89... =8E A;KH8BAO 4065 ?@>B5AB, 4065 >B@8F0=85 ;N128:
N1>2L! ">;L:> 2 <>5<
2>A?0;5==>< <>73C 1K;0 BK!
;C?>9 :><5488
>AB0=>28B5 E>4!
!<>B@8B5
A@K20N 83@CH:8-;0BK
O,
25;8G09H89 >=-8E>B!
=0G0;5 1929 3>40 2 6C@=0;5 >;>40O 320@48O ?>O2;O5BAO AB8E>B2>@5=85 8AL<> B. >AB@>2C 87 0@860 > ACI=>AB8 ;N128: 2 A5@4F5 ?>MB0 @>48;0AL =>20O ;N1>2L, >?OBL 2 @01>BC ?CI5= A5@4F0 2KABK2H89 <>B>@. -B> 1K;0 2AB@5G0 A "0BLO=>9 /:>2;52>9, 8 ;N1>2L 1K;0 2708<=>9.
8AL<> B. >AB@>2C... 8 >?C1;8:>20==>5 <=>3> ;5B A?CABO 8AL<> "0BLO=5 /:>2;52>9 =5ACB 2 A515 =>2K5 =0AB@>5=8O, =>2K5 8=B>=0F88. =8E C65 =5B =04@K20 8 B>A:8. 8AL<> B. >AB@>2C... @04>AB=>, ?@>=8:=CB> AG0AB;82K< >ICI5=85< 1>;LH>9, =0AB>OI59 ;N128:
...:0: =0 A2840=L5,
?@>AB0820O, ?@8A;CH820NAL:
;N1>2L 703C48B G5;>25G5A:0O,
?@>AB0O...
<5AB5 A B5< MB> D8;>A>DA:>5 ?@>872545=85, 345 ;N1>2L @0AA<0B@8205BAO 8 >F5=8205BAO =5 B>;L:> A ;8G=>9, => 8 A >1I5AB25==>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O. B0:>:>A2A:89 ?@8H5; 5I5 2 ?>@C @01>BK =04 ?>M<>9 @> MB>. ">340 >= ?8A0;: AG5@?K205B ;8 4;O <5=O ;N1>2L 2A5? A5, => B>;L:> 8=0G5. N1>2L MB> A5@4F5 2A53>. A;8 >=> ?@5:@0B8B @01>BC, 2A5 >AB0;L=>5 >B<8@05B, 45;05BAO ;8H=8<, =5=C6=K<. > 5A;8 A5@4F5 @01>B05B, >=> =5 <>65B ?@>O2;OBLAO 2> 2A5<... 5A;8 =5B 45OB5;L=>AB8, O <5@B2... N1>2L =5 CAB0=>28HL =8:0:8<8 4>;65=, =8:0:8<8 =5;L7O B>;L:> A2>1>4=K< A>@52=>20=85< A> 2A5< <8@><.
A0<>9 65 ?>M<5 >= <5GB0; >1 >3@><=>9, 2A5>E20BK20NI59 ;N128:
'B>1 =5 1K;> ;N128 A;C60=:8 70
?>E>B8,
E;51>2. >AB5;8 ?@>:;O2,
2AB02 A ;560=:8,
GB>1 2A59 2A5;5==>9 H;0 ;N1>2L.
"5?5@L MB0 845O 2>72KH5==>9 ;N128 =5A:>;L:> ?@875<;5=0, 8 A0<> >?@545;5=85 55 AB0;> :>=:@5B=55:
N18BL MB> A ?@>ABK=L,
15AA>==8F59 @20=KE, A@K20BLAO,
@52=CO : >?5@=8:C, 53>,
0 =5
A2>8< A>?5@=8:><.
N1>2L ?>MB0 MB> =5 B>;L:> ;8G=>5. =0 24>E=>2;O;0 53> =0 1>@L1C 8 B2>@G5AB2>, 2>?;>I0OAL 2 ?>MB8G5A:85 H5452@K:
0< ;N1>2L
=5 @09 40 :CI8, =0< ;N1>2L
3C48B ?@> B>,
GB> >?OBL 2 @01>BC ?CI5=
A5@4F0
2KABK2H89 <>B>@.
>@4>ABL 8 ;0A:0 72CG0B 2 AB@>:0E 8AL<0 "0BLO=5 /:>2;52>9:
"K >4=0 <=5
@>AB>< 2@>25=L, AB0=L 65 @O4><
A 1@>2LN 1@>28...
4065 :>=5F AB8E>B2>@5=8O, 2 :>B>@>< GC2AB2C5BAO :>=D;8:B, 72CG8B 157 >BG0O=8O. 45AL ;8HL >1840 8 C25@5==>ABL 2 B><, GB> ;N1>2L 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2 ?>1548B:
"K =5 4C<09,
IC@OAL ?@>AB> 87-?>4 2K?@O<;5==KE 4C3.
48 AN40,
848 =0 ?5@5:@5AB>: <>8E 1>;LH8E
8 =5C:;N68E @C:. 5 E>G5HL?
AB0209AO 8 78
>A:>@1;5=85
=0 >1I89 AG5B =0=865<. / 2A5 @02=>
B51O
:>340-=81C4L 2>7L4=C
8;8 242>5< A 0@865<.
0O:>2A:89 1K; ?> A:;04C A2>53> E0@0:B5@0 ;8@8:><. # =53> 1K;> A;8H:>< @0=8<>5 A5@4F5. = A0< 3>2>@8; >1 MB>< 2 ?>M<5 N1;N:
# ?@>G8E 7=0N A5@4F0 4>< O
=> 2 3@C48 ;N1>!
0 <=5 6 A C<0 A>H;0 0=0B><8O.
!?;>H=>5 A5@4F5 3C48B ?>2A5<5AB=>...
>;LH5 G5< <>6=>,
1>;LH5 G5< =04>
1C4B>
?>MB>2K< 1@54>< 2> A=5 =028A
:><>: A5@45G=K9 @07@>AAO 3@><04>9:
3@><040 ;N1>2L,
3@><040 =5=028ABL...
-B8 AB@>:8 =0?8A0=K 2 1916 3>4C, => 8 A?CABO 45AOBL 425=04F0BL ;5B, 4> A0A;54=8E 4=59 687=8, >= 60640; ;N128.
# B0:>3> G5;>25:0, A 3@CABLN ?8A0;0 EC4>6=8F0 . . 028=A:0O, =5 1K;> <5AB0, 345 1K ;0A:>2K5 @C:8 65=K 8;8 1;87:>3> 4@C30 >A2>1>48;8 53> E>BL =5<=>3> >B =53> A0<>3>. = =045O;AO =09B8 B0:>3> 4@C30 2 "0BLO=5 /:>2;52>9. >... C2K.
?@54A<5@B=>< ?8AL<5, =0?8A0==>< 70 420 4=O 4> @>:>2>3> 2KAB@5;0 8 04@5A>20==>< A5<, ?>MB 2 ?>A;54=89 @07 3>2>@8B > ;N128: B><, GB> C<8@0N, =5 28=8B5 =8:>3> 8, ?>60;C9AB0, =5 A?;5B=8G09B5. >:>9=8: MB>3> C60A=> =5 ;N18;...
0: 3>2>@OB
8=F845=B 8A?5@G5=, N1>2=0O ;>4:0
@0718;0AL > 1KB. / A 687=LN 2 @0AG5B5,
8 =5 : G5<=KE 1>;59,
154
8 >184...
-B8<8 A;>20<8 A:070=> >G5=L <=>3>5 > AB@0AB=>9, 48=>:>9 4CH5, > 687=8, ?@5:@0A=>9 8 B@038G5A:>9, 8 > @071820NI5< A5@4F0 G5@=>< A;>25 1KB, 70 :>B>@K< ?@>A<0B@8205BAO AB@0H=0O 459AB28B5;L=>ABL =5A1K2H8EAO =04564, 254CI0O : 5I5 1>;55 AB@0H=><5=8 B@84F0BL A54L<>3> 3>40.
!>G8=5=85 =0 B52L 2 ?>M788 0O:>2A:>3> ?> ;8B5@0BC@5
