0@80=B 1

0<8=-!818@O: (=0AB>OI0O D0<8;8O - 0<8=) <8B@89 0@:8A>28G (1852 - 1912), @CAA:89 ?@>708:, 4@0<0BC@3.

>48;AO 25 >:BO1@O (6 =>O1@O =.A.) 2 8A8<>- (09B0=A:>< 702>45 5@9 3C15@=88 2 A54A:>3> A2OI5==8:0. >;CG8; 4><0H=55 >1@07>20=85, 70B5< CG8;AO 2 8A89 H:>;5 4;O 45B59 @01>G8E. 1866 1K; ?@8=OB 2 :0B5@8=1C@3A:>5 4CE>2=>5 CG8;8I5, 345 >1CG0;AO 4> 1868, 70B5< ?@>4>;68; >1@07>20=85 2 5@9 4CE>2=>9 A5<8=0@88 (4> 1872). MB8 3>4K CG0AB2C5B 2 :@C6:5 ?5@54>2KE A5<8=0@8AB>2, 8A?KBK205B 2>7459AB285 8459 '5@=KH52A:>3>, >1@>;N1>20, 5@F5=0. 1872 0<8=-!818@O: ?>ABC?05B 2 5B5@1C@3A:CN <548:>- E8@C@38G5A:CN 0:045<8N =0 25B5@8=0@=>5 >B45;5=85. 1876, =5 >:>=G82 :C@A 0:045<88, ?5@5E>48B =0 N@848G5A:89 D0:C;LB5B 5B5@1C@3A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0, =>, ?@>CG82H8AL 3>4, 2K=C645= >AB028BL 53> 87-70 <0B5@80;L=KE B@C4=>AB59 8 @57:>3> CEC4H5=8O 74>@>2LO (=0G0;AO BC15@:C;57). 5B>< 1877 25@=C;AO =0 #@0;, : @>48B5;O<. A;54CNI5< 3>4C C<5@ >B5F, 8 2AO BO65ABL 701>B > A5<8=0-!818@O:0. 'B>1K 40BL >1@07>20=85 1@0BLO< 8 A5AB@5 8 AC<5BL 70@01>B0BL, @5H5=> 1K;> ?5@55E0BL 2 :@C?=K9 :C;LBC@=K9 F5=B@. K; 2K1@0= :0B5@8=1C@3, 345 =0G8=05BAO 53> =>20O 687=L. 45AL >= 65=8;AO =0 0@88 ;5:A552>9, :>B>@0O AB0;0 =5 B>;L:> 65=>9-4@C3><, => 8 ?@5:@0A=K< A>25BG8:>< ?> ;8B5@0BC@=K< 2>?@>A0<. MB8 3>4K >= A>25@H05B <=>3> ?>574>: ?> #@0;C, 87CG05B ;8B5@0BC@C ?> 8AB>@88, M:>=><8:5, MB=>3@0D88 #@0;0, ?>3@C605BAO 2 =0@>4=CN 687=L, >1I05BAO A "?@>AB5F0<8", 8<5NI8<8 >3@><=K9 687=5==K9 >?KB. 5@2K< ?;>4>< MB>3> 87CG5=8O AB0;0 A5@8O ?CB52KE >G5@:>2 "B #@0;0 4> >A:2K" ( 1881 - 1882 ), >?C1;8:>20==KE 2 <>A:>2A:>9 3075B5 " CAA:85 254><>AB8"; 70B5< 2 6C@=0;5 "5;>" 2KH;8 53> >G5@:8 " :0<=OE", @0AA:07K ("0 @C1565 788", " EC4KE 4CH0E" 8 4@.). =>385 1K;8 ?>4?8A0=K ?A524>=8<>< ".!818@O:". 5@2K< :@C?=K< ?@>872545=85< ?8A0B5;O 1K; @><0= "@820;>2A:85 <8;;8>=K"(1883), :>B>@K9 =0 ?@>BO65=88 3>40 ?5G0B0;AO 2 6C@=0;5 "5;>" 8 8<5; 1>;LH>9 CA?5E. 1884 2 6C@=0;5 "B5G5AB25==K5 70?8A:8" ?>O28;AO @><0= ">@=>5 3=574>", 70:@5?82H89 70 0<8=K<-!818@O:>< @5?CB0F8N 2K40NI53>AO ?8A0B5;O-@50;8AB0. 20 ?@>4>;68B5;L=KE 2K5740 2 AB>;8FC (1881 - 1882, 1885 - 1886) C?@>G8;8 ;8B5@0BC@=K5 A2O78 ?8A0B5;O: >= 7=0:><8BAO A >@>;5=:>, ;0B>2@0BA:8<, >;LF52K< 8 4@. MB8 3>4K ?8H5B 8 ?5G0B05B <=>3> =51>;LH8E @0AA:07>2, >G5@:>2. 1890 @072>48BAO A ?5@2>9 65=>9 8 65=8BAO =0 B0;0=B;82>9 0@B8AB:5 :0B5@8=1C@3A:>3> 4@0<0B8G5A:>3> B50B@0 .1@0<>2>9 8 ?5@557605B 2 5B5@1C@3, 345 ?@>E>48B ?>A;54=89 MB0? 53> 687=8 ( 1891 - 1912). '5@57 3>4 1@0<>20 C<8@05B, >AB0282 1>;L=CN 4>GL ;5=CH:C =0 @C:0E >BF0, ?>B@OA5==>3> MB>9 A<5@BLN. >4J5< >1I5AB25==>3> 42865=8O 2 =0G0;5 1890 - E A?>A>1AB2>20; ?>O2;5=8N B0:8E ?@>872545=89, :0: @><0=K ">;>B>" (1892), ?>25ABL "E>=8=K 1@>28" (1892). (8@>:CN 8725AB=>ABL ?@8>1@5;8 ?@>872545=8O 0<8=0-!818@O:0 4;O 45B59: ";5=CH:8=K A:07:8" (1894 - 1896), "!5@0O H59:0" (1893), "> #@0;C" (1899) 8 4@. >A;54=85 :@C?=K5 ?@>872545=8O ?8A0B5;O - @><0=K "'5@BK 87 687=8 5?:>" (1894), "040NI85 72574K" (1899) 8 @0AA:07 "C<<0" (1907). 2>7@0AB5 60 ;5B 2 =>O1@O (15 =.A.) 1912 3>40 0<8=-!818@O: A:>=G0;AO 2 5B5@1C@35.