0@80=B 2

0<8=, <8B@89 0@:8A>28G - 8725AB=K9 15;;5B@8AB-MB=>3@0D. >48;AO 25 >:BO1@O 1852 3. 2 8A8<>-(09B0=A:>< 702>45, 2 A5=G8; :C@A 2 5@9 4CE>2=>9 A5<8=0@88. ?@51K20=8N 745AL >B=>AOBAO 53> ?5@2K5 B2>@G5A:85 ?>?KB:8. 5A=>9 1871 3. 0<8= ?5@518@05BAO 2 5B5@1C@3 8 ?>ABC?05B 2 <548:>-E8@C@38G5A:CN 0:045<8N =0 25B5@8=0@=>5 >B45;5=85, 0 70B5< ?5@5E>48B =0 <548F8=A:>5. 1874 3. 0<8= 2K45@60; M:70<5= 2 C=825@A8B5B 8, ?@>1K2 >:>;> 42CE ;5B =0 5AB5AB25==>< D0:C;LB5B5, 2 1876 3. ?5@5H5; =0 N@848G5A:89, => 8 745AL :C@A0 =5 :>=G8;. 54O 687=L ;8B5@0BC@=>9 1>35<8= 70=8<0;AO @5?>@B065< 8 ?8A0; <5;:85 @0AA:07K. 5@2>5 15;;5B@8AB8G5A:>5 ?@>872545=85 0<8=0 ""09=K 75;5=>3> ;5A0" =0?5G0B0=> 157 ?>4?8A8 8<5=8 2 6C@=0;5 "@C3>7>@" 2 1877 3. 8 ?>A2OI5=> #@0;C. 0G0B:8 B0;0=B0, E>@>H55 7=0:> A ?@8@>4>9 8 687=LN :@0O 70<5G0NBAO 8 2 MB>< ?@>872545=88. 5@2K5 H038 0<8=0 2 ;8B5@0BC@5 2<5AB5 A ?@8ABC?0<8 >AB@>9 =C64K, <><5=BK 3;CE>3> >BG0O=8O, - 2A5 MB> >?8A0=> 0<8=K< 2 @><0=5 "'5@BK 87 687=8 5?:>", >4=>< 87 E0@0:B5@=KE 8 O@:8E 53> ?@>872545=89, 8<5NI5< 1>;LH>5 02B>18>3@0D8G5A:>5 7=0G5=85, O@:> >1>7=0G0NI5< <8@>A>75@F0=85 ?8A0B5;O, 4>3 25@K, 273;O4K, 8458, :>B>@K5 ;53;8 ?>B>< 2 >A=>2C ;CGH8E 53> ?@>872545=89: 3;C1>:89 0;LB@C87<, >B2@0I5=85 : ;N4A:><>?>540=8N, : 3@C1>9 A8;5, ?5AA8<87<, ;N1>2L : 687=8 8, 2<5AB5 A B5<, B>A:0 > 55 =5A>25@H5=AB20E, > "<5@5 ?5G0;8 8 A;57", 345 AB>;L:> C60A>2, 65AB>:>AB59, =5?@024K. "5C65;8 <>6=> C4>2;5B2>@8BLAO >4=>9 A2>59 687=LN. 5B, 68BL BKAOGLN 687=59, AB@040BL 8 @04>20BLAO BKAOGLN A5@45F - 2>B 345 687=L 8 =0AB>OI55 AG0ABL5!" - 3>2>@8B 0<8= 2 "'5@B0E 87 687=8 5?:>". G5BAO 68BL 70 2A5E, GB>1K 2A5 8A?KB0BL 8 2A5 ?5@5GC2AB2>20BL. C?@>AK, 2>;=>202H85 ?8A0B5;O B>340 8 >B@065==K5 2 "'5@B0E 87 687=8 5?:>", ?@>E>4OB ?>GB8 F5;8:>< 2 40;L=59H8E, C65 A>25@H5==> 7@5;KE ?@>872545=8OE 0<8=0. <0;>8725AB=>< 6C@=0;5 0<8= =0?5G0B0; 1>;LH>9 @><0= " 2>4>2>@>B5 AB@0AB59" ?>4 ?A524>=8<>< . "><0= ?@5B5=F8>7=K9 8 >G5=L A;01K9 2> 2A5E >B=>H5=8OE. 5A=>9 1877 3. 0<8= C5E0; =0 #@0;, ?@>1K2 2 @>4=KE <5AB0E 14 ;5B 8 45OB5;L=> 87CG0O 8E 2 1KB>2>< 8 M:>=><8G5A:>< >B=>H5=8OE. ! 1882 3. =0G8=05BAO 2B>@>9 ?5@8>4 ;8B5@0BC@=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8 0<8=0. ! ?>O2;5=8O 2 " CAA:>9 KA;8" >G5@:>2 87 ?@88A:>2>9 687=8 "!B0@0B5;8", 0<8=, AB02H89 ?>4?8AK20BLAO ?A524>=8<>< !818@O:, >1@0I05B =0 A51O 2=8<0=85 ?C1;8:8 8 :@8B8:8 8 4>2>;L=> 1KAB@> ?@8>1@5B05B 8725AB=>ABL. "#AB>OE", "5;5", "5AB=8:5 2@>", " CAA:>9 KA;8", "B5G5AB25==KE 0?8A:0E" ?>O2;ONBAO 53> C@0;LA:85 @0AA:07K 8 >G5@:8: "0 @C1565 788", " :0<=OE", "A5 <", " EC4KE 4CH0E", ">;>BCE0", ">9FK", "5@52>4G8F0 =0 ?@88A:0E", "8:>5 AG0ABL5", "220", "0 (8E0=5", "0H:0", "@>70", ";065=K5" 8 ?@>G55. 45AL C65 =0<5G0NBAO E0@0:B5@=K5 ?@87=0:8 B0;0=B0 0<8=0, 53> ;N18<>B82K, AB@5<;5=85 : 87>1@065=8N ?@8@>4K 8 2>7459AB28O 55 =0 687=L, 55 2;8O=8O, 2 1>;LH8=AB25 A;CG052, =5>B@078<>3> =0 G5;>25:0, GCB:>ABL : A>25@H0NI5:@C3, C;>2;5=85 =>2KE 25O=89, 459AB2CNI8E 1;03>45B5;L=> 8;8 B@038G5A:8 - >B@8F0B5;L=> =0 AB0@K5 4@O1;K5 CAB>8. MB8E @0AA:070E C65 GC2AB2C5BAO A0<>1KB=K9 87>1@078B5;L 687=8 8 =@02>2 #@0;0, 2>;L=K9 EC4>6=8:, GC64K9 ?@5427OBKE B5=45=F89, C<5NI89 40BL ?>=OB85 > 3830=BA:>< G5;>25G5A:>< B@C45, 87>1@078BL 2AO:85 :>=B@0ABK. ! >4=>9 AB>@>=K, 482=0O ?@8@>40, 25;8G5AB25==0O, ?>;=0O 30@<>=88, A 4@C3>9 - =5C@O48F0 ;N4A:0O, BO6:0O 1>@L10 70 ACI5AB2>20=85. @8A>548=82 : A2>5<5=8 ?A524>=8<, ?8A0B5;L 1KAB@> ?@8>1@5; ?>?C;O@=>ABL, 8 ?>4?8AL 0<8=-!818@O: >AB0;0AL 70 =8< =02A5340. 1883 3. ?>O28;AO ?5@2K9 @><0= 53> 87 702>4A:>9 687=8 =0 #@0;5: "@820;>2A:85 <8;;8>=K". ! ;N1>2LN >AB0=02;8205BAO 745AL 0<8=-!818@O: =0 1>30BK@OE ?> 2=5H=52=>1;8:C, =0 65@B20E AB8E89=>9 2;0AB8 - :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:>3> @>AB0, =0 B8?0E, D83C@0E, A>25@H5==> =>2KE 2 =0H59 ;8B5@0BC@5; 745AL 8< 70E20G5= 5420 ;8 =5 25AL #@0;, A 53> 3>@=>702>4A:8< 45;><, A 53> ?@54AB028B5;O<8, 2@0I0NI8<8AO >:>;> 7>;>B0 8 65;570. B>@>9 @><0= - ">@=>5 3=574>", ?>O282H89AO 2 "B5G5AB25==KE 0?8A:0E" 1884 3., @8AC5B B0:65 A> 2A5E AB>@>= 3>@=>702>4A:89 #@0;. -B> - 25;8:>;5?=0O AB@0=8F0, =5>1K:=>25==> A2>5>1@07=0O 87 8AB>@88 =0:>?;5=8O :0?8B0;87<0, 53> ?>ABC?0B5;L=>3> E>40. @><0=5 B0;0=B;82> 87>1@065= 3>@=K9 F0@5:, A2>53> @>40 =01>1 0?B52, D>@<5==K9 2K@>645=5F, "70<5G0B5;L=K9 B8? 87 2A5E, :0:85 B>;L:> 2AB@5G0;8AL 2 =0H59 ;8B5@0BC@5" ?> <=5=8N !:018G52A:>3> , 2KA>:> AB0282H53> @><0= ">@=>5 3=574>" 8 =0E>4OI53>, GB> "0?B520 A<5;> <>6=> ?>AB028BL 2 >4=>< @O4C A B0:8<8 25:>25G=K<8 B8?0<8, :0: "0@BND 0@?03>=, C4CH:0, >;>2;52, 1;><>2". !2>N 87;N1;5==CN 845N > AB8E89=KE A8;0E, A;5?> 459AB2CNI8E 2 687=8, 3>A?>4AB2CNI8E 2 :>;>@8B=>< @0AA:075 "8;:0" ("8:>5 AG0ABL5"), B8?8G=> 87>1@060NI5< 7>;>BK5 ?@>;>B0. AB5AB25==K< ?@>4>;65=85< ">@=>3> 3=5740" O2;O5BAO @><0= "0 C;8F5" (2 >B45;L=>< 8740=88 "C@=K9 ?>B>:"), 345 459AB285 ?@>8AE>48B 2 5B5@1C@35. 0E;5ABK20NI85 2>;=K 1C@=>3> ?>B>:0 C;8FK C=>AOB <=>3> 65@B2, ?>3;>I0NB A>25ABL =5CAB>9G82KE ;N459, 4>2>4OB 4> ?>7>@0 8 65=I8=C. @><0=5 ?>:070=>, :0: =042830;0AL A> 2A5< 55 C60A>< :0?8B0;8AB8G5A:0O ?>@0, A>?@>2>6402H0O A2>5 AB@5<8B5;L=>5 42865=85 >BG0O==>9 ;><:>9 AB0@>3> C:;040 687=8, AB0@KE 8450;>2, =8G53> =5 A>7402 4;O B@C4OI8EAO <0AA 8 ?@>87254O 1@>65=85, @0AB5@O==>ABL, H0B0=85 2. @><0=5 ""@8 :>=F0" 0<8=-!818@O: C40G=> :0A05BAO 687=8 @0A:>;L=8:>2 =0 #@0;5. 745AL F0@8B >1KG=>5 <8@>2>77@5=85 ?8A0B5;O, 2K@065=0 O@:> B09=0 687=8 - 2708<=>5 ?>540=85 >4=>9 B20@8 4@C3>9, 8 ?>2B>@O5BAO =587156=0O @07@CE0, E0@0:B5@=>5 O2;5=85 @CAA:>9 687=8. 1891 3. 0<8=-!818@O: >:>=G0B5;L=> ?5@51@0;AO 2 5B5@1C@3. MB><5=8 >B=>AOBAO 53> 1>;LH>9 @><0= "%;51" 8 ?>25ABL "@0BLO >@4552K". -B8< @><0=>< 0<8= 70:>=G8; A5@8N ?@>872545=89, @8ACNI8E 2A5AB>@>==5 #@0; 8 @8C@0;L5, 8E =@02K, >1KG08, >1I5AB25==CN 687=L, 4>@5D>@<5==K9 8 ?>@5D>@<5==K9 1KB. =>65AB2> <5;:8E @0AA:07>2 ?>A2OI5=> 2A5 B>872545=8OE 0<8=0 GC2AB2CNBAO A8;0, 55 H8@>:89 @07<0E 8 :0:>9-B> AB8E89=K9 B0;0=B, ?>4G8=O2H89AO A;>2=> =5254><>9 AB8E88. 0<8=-!818@O: 2K428305BAO 5I5 :0: ?@5:@0A=K9 ?8A0B5;L > 45BOE 8 4;O 45B59. 3> A1>@=8:8 "5BA:85 B5=8", ";5=CH:8=K A:07:8", 8<5NB >G5=L 1>;LH>9 CA?5E. 5:>B>@K5 :@8B8:8 A@02=820NB A:07:8 0<8=0 A 0=45@A5=>2A:8<8. 0<8=-!818@O: >B;8G0;AO =5>1K:=>25==>9 ?;>4>28B>ABLN. @><5 ?5@5G8A;5==KE 53> ?@>872545=89, A;54C5B >B<5B8BL 5I5 @><0= ">;>B>" 8 @0AA:07K 8 >G5@:8: " >48B5;LA:0O :@>2L", "QB=K5", "5A", "B@020", ">A;54=OO B@510", "8<>2L5 =0 !BC45=>9", "<5;O->E>B=8:", "5154:0" 8 A1>@=8: ":>;> 3>A?>4". =>385 25I8 A2>8, 2 >A>15==>AB8 AB0BL8 MB=>3@0D8G5A:85, 0<8= ?>4?8AK20; ?A524>=8<0<8 0H-C@B 8 =8:. !:>=G0;AO 2 =>O1@O 1912 3. - 8B5@0BC@0. .. !:018G52A:89 ("", B>< II); 53> 65 "AB>@8O =>259H59 @CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K" ("5;;5B@8ABK 80-E 3>4>2"); "AB>@8O @CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K XIX 2.", 8740=85 B>20@8I5AB20 "8@" (2K?CA: 24); "#@0;. !1>@=8: "0C@0;LA:>3> :@0O", ?>A2OI5==K9 ?0<8=0-!818@O:0" (:0B5@8=1C@3, 1913); "0?8B0;8AB8G5A:89 ?@>F5AA 2 87>1@065=88 0<8=0-!818@O:0" ("8@ >689", 1 8 2); . ;L1>20 "0<8=-!818@O:"; >G5@: .. <8B@852>9 (8B5@0BC@=K5 ?@8102;5=8O "82K", 1914, =>O1@L); >G5@: .. K:>20 (">;=>5 A>1@0=85 A>G8=5=89" 0<8=0-!818@O:0, ?@8;>65=85 : "825" 1915 - 1916 3>4>2, B>< I).