0@80=B 1

, 8:>;09 0A8;L528G [20 <0@B0 (1 0?@5;O) 1809, <5AB5G:> 5;8:85

!>@>G8=FK 8@3>@>4A:>3> C5740 >;B02A:>9 3C15@=88 -- 21 D52@0;O (4 <0@B0) 1852, >A:20], @CAA:89 ?8A0B5;L.

8B5@0BC@=CN 8725AB=>ABL >3>;N ?@8=5A A1>@=8: "5G5@0 =0 ECB>@5 1;87 8:0=L:8" (1831-1832), =0AKI5==K9 C:@08=A:8< MB=>3@0D8G5A:8< <0B5@80;><, @><0=B8G5A:8<8 =0AB@>5=8O<8, ;8@87<>< 8 N<>@><. >25AB8 87 A1>@=8:>2 "8@3>@>4" 8 "@015A:8" (>10-- 1835) >B:@K20NB @50;8AB8G5A:89 ?5@8>4 B2>@G5AB20 >3>;O. "5<0 C=865==>AB8 "<0;5=L:>3> G5;>25:0" =081>;55 ?>;=> 2>?;>B8;0AL 2 ?>25AB8 "(8=5;L" (1842), A :>B>@>9 A2O70=> AB0=>2;5=85 =0BC@0;L=>9 H:>;K. @>B5A:=>5 =0G0;> "?5B5@1C@3A:8E ?>25AB59" (">A", ">@B@5B") ?>;CG8;> @0728B85 2 :><5488 " 5287>@" (?>AB0=>2:0 1836) :0: D0=B0A<03>@8O G8=>2=8GL5-1N@>:@0B8G5A:>3> <8@0. ?>M<5-@><0=5 "5@B2K5 4CH8" (1-9 B>< -- 1842) A0B8@8G5A:>5 >A<5O=85 ?><5I8GL59 >AA88 A>548=8;>AL A ?0D>A>< 4CE>2=>3> ?@5>1@065=8O G5;>25:0. 5;838>7=>-?C1;8F8AB8G5A:0O :=830 "K1@0==K5 <5AB0 87 ?5@5?8A:8 A 4@C7LO<8" (1847) 2K720;0 :@8B8G5A:>5 ?8AL<> . . 5;8=A:>3>. 1852 >3>;L A653 @C:>?8AL 2B>@>3> B><0 "5@B2KE 4CH". >3>;L >:070; @5H0NI55 2;8O=85 =0 CB25@645=85 3C<0=8AB8G5A:8E 8 45<>:@0B8G5A:8E ?@8=F8?>2 2 @CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5.

!54K

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

"04C 1C4CI5< O =0G0; @0=>...". >4K CG5=8O. 5@5574 2 5B5@1C@3

=0G0;5 8:>;09 CG8;AO 2 >;B02A:>< C574=>< CG8;8I5 (1818-1819), ?>B>< 1@0; G0AB=K5 C@>:8 C ?>;B02A:>3> CG8B5;O 02@88;0 !>@>G8=A:>3>, ?@>6820O C =53> =0 :20@B8@5, 0 2 <05 1821 ?>ABC?8; 2 B>;L:> GB> >A=>20==CN 568=A:CN 38<=078N 2KAH8E =0C:. #G8;AO >3>;L 4>2>;L=> A@54=5, 70B> >B;8G0;AO 2 38<=078G5A:>< B50B@5 -- :0: 0:B5@ 8 45:>@0B>@. 38<=078G5A:>4C >B=>AOBAO ?5@2K5 ;8B5@0BC@=K5 >?KBK 2 AB8E0E 8 2 ?@>75, ?@58 "2 ;8@8G5A:>< 8 AC@L57=>< @>45", => B0:65 8 2 :><8G5A:>< 4CE5, =0?@8<5@, A0B8@0 "5GB> > 568=5, 8;8 C@0:0< 70:>= =5 ?8A0=" (=5 A>E@0=8;0AL). >;LH5 2A53>, >4=0:>, >3>;O 70=8<05B 2 MB> 2@5 3>AC40@AB25==>9 A;C615 =0 ?>?@8I5 NAB8F88; B0:>5 @5H5=85 2>7=8:;> =5 157 2;8O=8O ?@>D5AA>@0 . . 5;>CA>20, ?@5?>40202H53> 5AB5AB25==>5 ?@02> 8 C2>;5==>3> 2?>A;54AB288 87 38<=0788 ?> >128=5=8N 2 "2>;L=>4C 2@520=8O >3>;L 4020; ?>:070=8O 2 53> ?>;L7C).

> >:>=G0=88 38<=0788 >3>;L 2 45:01@5 1828 2<5AB5 A >4=8< 87 A2>8E 1;8609H8E 4@C759 . !. 0=8;52A:8< ?@857605B 2 5B5@1C@3, 345 53> ?>4AB5@5305B @O4 C40@>2 8 @07>G0@>20=89: =5 C405BAO ?>;CG8BL 65;05<>3> <5AB0; ?>M<0 "0=F NE5;L30@B5=", =0?8A0==0O, >G5284=>, 5I5 2 38<=078G5A:CN ?>@C 8 8740==0O 2 1829 (?>4 ?A524>=8<>< . ;>2) 2AB@5G05B C189AB25==K5 >B:;8:8 @5F5=75=B>2 (>3>;L B>BG0A 65 A:C?05B ?>GB8 25AL B8@06 :=838 8 ?@5405B 53> >3=N); : MB>7<>6=>, ?@81028;8AL ;N1>2=K5 ?5@56820=8O, > :>B>@KE >= 3>2>@8; 2 ?8AL<5 : <0B5@8 (>B 24 8N;O 1829). A5 MB> 70AB02;O5B >3>;O 2=570?=> C5E0BL 87 5B5@1C@30 2 5@<0=8N.

> 2>72@0I5=88 2 >AA8N (2 A5=BO1@5 B>3> 65 3>40) >3>;N =0:>=5F C405BAO >?@545;8BLAO =0 A;C61C -- 2=0G0;5 2 5?0@B0<5=B 3>AC40@AB25==>3> E>7O9AB20 8 ?C1;8G=KE 740=89, 0 70B5< 2 5?0@B0<5=B C45;>2. '8=>2=8GLO 45OB5;L=>ABL =5 ?@8=>A8B >3>;N C4>2;5B2>@5=8O; 70B> =>2K5 53> ?C1;8:0F88 (?>25ABL "8A02@N:, 8;8 5G5@ =0:0=C=5 20=0 C?0;0", AB0BL8 8 MAA5) >1@0I0NB =0 =53> 2A5 1>;LH55 2=8<0=85. 8A0B5;L 702O7K205B >1H8@=K5 ;8B5@0BC@=K5 7=0:>AB8, A . . C:>2A:8<, . . ;5B=52K<, :>B>@K9 C A51O 4><0 2 <05 1831 (>G5284=>, 20-3>) ?@54AB028; >3>;O . !. CH:8=C.

"5G5@0 =0 ECB>@5 1;87 8:0=L:8"

A5=LN B>3> 65 3>40 2KE>48B 1-O G0ABL A1>@=8:0 ?>25AB59 87 C:@08=A:>9 687=8 "5G5@0 =0 ECB>@5 1;87 8:0=L:8" (2 A;54CNI5< 3>4C ?>O28;0AL 2-O G0ABL), 2>AB>@65==> 2AB@5G5==0O CH:8=K<: ">B =0AB>OI0O 25A5;>ABL, 8A:@5==OO, =5?@8=C645==0O, 157 65<0=AB20, 157 G>?>@=>AB8. <5AB0<8 :0:0O ?>M78O!...". <5AB5 A B5< "25A5;>ABL" 3>3>;52A:>9 :=838 >1=0@C6820;0 @07;8G=K5 >BB5=:8 -- >B 157701>B=>3> ?>4B@C=820=8O 4> <@0G=>3> :><87<0, 1;87:>3> : G5@=><>@C. @8 2A59 ?>;=>B5 8 8A:@5==>AB8 GC2AB2 3>3>;52A:8E ?5@A>=0659 <8@, 2 :>B>@>< >=8 682CB, B@038G5A:8 :>=D;8:B5=: ?@>8AE>48B @0AB>@65=85 ?@8@>4=KE 8 @>4AB25==KE A2O759, 2 5AB5AB25==K9 ?>@O4>: 25I59 2B>@30NBAO B08=AB25==K5 8@@50;L=K5 A8;K (D0=B0AB8G5A:>5 >?8@05BAO 3;02=K< >1@07>< =0 =0@>4=CN 45<>=>;>38N). #65 2 "5G5@0E..." ?@>O28;>AL =5>1K:=>25==>5 8A:CAAB2> >3>;O A>74020BL F5;L=K9, 70:>=G5==K9 8 682CI89 ?> A>1AB25==K< 70:>=0< EC4>65AB25==K9 :>A<>A.

>A;5 2KE>40 ?5@2>9 ?@>708G5A:>9 :=838 >3>;L -- 7=0<5=8BK9 ?8A0B5;L. 5B>< 1832 53> A 2>>4CH52;5=85< 2AB@5G0NB 2 >A:25, 345 >= 7=0:><8BAO A . . >3>48=K<, !. ". :A0:>2K< 8 53> A5<59AB2><, . !. )5?:8=K< 8 4@C38<8. !;54CNI0O ?>574:0 >3>;O 2 >A:2C, AB>;L 65 CA?5H=0O, A>AB>O;0AL ;5B>< 1835. :>=FC MB>3> 3>40 >= >AB02;O5B ?>?@8I5 ?5403>38:8 (A ;5B0 1834 70=8<0; 4>;6=>ABL 04JN=:B-?@>D5AA>@0 2A5>1I59 8AB>@88 !0=:B-5B5@1C@3A:>3> C=825@A8B5B0) 8 F5;8:>< ?>A2OI05B A51O ;8B5@0BC@=>

"8@3>@>4A:89" 8 "?5B5@1C@3A:89" F8:;K. " 5287>@"

1835 3>4 =5>1KG05= ?> B2>@G5A:>9 8=B5=A82=>AB8 8 H8@>B5 3>3>;52A:8E 702. MB>B 3>4 2KE>4OB A;54CNI85 420 A1>@=8:0 ?@>708G5A:8E ?@>872545=89 -- "@015A:8" 8 "8@3>@>4" (>10 2 42CE G0ABOE); =0G0B0 @01>B0 =04 ?>M<>9 "5@B2K5 4CH8", 70:>=G5=0 2 >A=>2=>< :><548O " 5287>@", =0?8A0=0 ?5@20O @540:F8O :><5488 "5=8E8" (1C4CI59 "5=8BL1K"). !>>1I0O > =>2KE A>740=8OE ?8A0B5;O, 2 B>< G8A;5 8 > ?@54AB>OI59 2 ?5B5@1C@3A:>< ;5:A0=4@8=A:>< B50B@5 ?@5@0" (19 0?@5;O 1836), CH:8= >B<5G0; 2 A2>5< "!>2@5<5==8:5": "-= >3>;L 845B 5I5 2?5@54. 5;05< 8 =0455<5BL G0AB> A;CG09 3>2>@8BL > =5< 2 =0H5< 6C@=0;5". AB0B8, 8 2 ?CH:8=A:>< 6C@=0;5 >3>;L 0:B82=> ?C1;8:>20;AO, 2 G0AB=>AB8, :0: :@8B8: (AB0BLO " 42865=88 6C@=0;L=>9 ;8B5@0BC@K 2 1834 8 1835 3>4C").

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

;02=0O :=830

8N=5 1836 >3>;L (A=>20 2<5AB5 A 0=8;52A:8<) C57605B 70 3@0=8FC, 345 >= ?@>25; 2 >1I59 A;>6=>AB8 1>;55 12 ;5B, 5A;8 =5 AG8B0BL 42CE ?@8574>2 2 >AA8N -- 2 1839-40 8 2 1841-42. 8A0B5;L 68; 2 5@<0=88, (259F0@88, $@0=F88, 2AB@88, '5E88, => 4>;LH5 2A53> 2 B0;88, ?@>4>;60O @01>BC =04 "5@B2K<8 4CH0<8", AN65B :>B>@KE (:0: 8 " 5287>@0") 1K; ?>4A:070= 5<. !2>9AB25==0O >3>;N >1>1I5==>ABL <0AHB010 ?>;CG0;0 B5?5@L ?@>AB@0=AB25==>5 2K@065=85: ?> <5@5 @0728B8O G8G8:>2A:>9 0D5@K (?>:C?:0 "@5287A:8E 4CH" C<5@H8E ;N459) @CAA:0O 687=L 4>;6=0 1K;0 @0A:@KBLAO <=>3>>1@07=> -- =5 B>;L:> A> AB>@>=K "=87<5==KE @O4>2 55", => 8 2 1>;55 2KA>:8E, 7=0G8B5;L=KE ?@>O2;5=8OE. 4=>2@5<5==> @0A:@K20;0AL 8 2AO 3;C18=0 :;NG52>3> <>B820 ?>M=OB85 "<5@B20O 4CH0" 8 2KB5:02H0O >BAN40 0=B8B570 "682>9" -- "<5@B2K9" 87 AD5@K :>=:@5B=>3> A;>2>C?>B@51;5=8O (C<5@H89 :@5ABLO=8=, "@5287A:0O 4CH0") ?5@542830;8AL 2 AD5@C ?5@5=>A=>9 8 A8<2>;8G5A:>9 A5<0=B8:8. >7=8:0;0 ?@>1;5<0 ><5@B2;5=8O 8 >682;5=8O G5;>25G5A:>9 4CH8, 8 2 A2O78 A MB8< -- >1I5AB20 2 F5;><, @CAA:>3> <8@0 ?@5645 2A53>, => G5@57 =53> 8 2A53> A>2@5<5==>3> G5;>25G5AB20. !> A;>6=>ABLN 7020O A?5F8D8:0 "5@B2KE 4CH" (>1>7=0G5=85 "?>M<0" C:07K20;> =0 A8<2>;8G5A:89 A872545=8O, >A>1CN @>;L ?>25AB2>20B5;O 8 ?>78B82=>3> 02B>@A:>3> 8450;0).

B>@>9 B>< "5@B2KE 4CH". "K1@0==K5 <5AB0 87 ?5@5?8A:8 A 4@C7LO<8"

>A;5 2KE>40 ?5@2>3> B><0 (1842) @01>B0 =04 2B>@K< B><>< (=0G0BK< 5I5 2 1840) ?@>B5:0;0 >A>15==> =0?@O65==> 8 . 5B>< 1845 2 BO65;>< 4CH52=>< A>AB>O=88 >3>;L A68305B @C:>?8AL MB>3> B><0, >1JOA=OO ?>74=55 A2>5 @5H5=85 8<5==> B5<, GB> "?CB8 8 4>@>38" : 8450;C, 2>7@>645=8N G5;>25G5A:>3> 4CE0 =5 ?>;CG8;8 4>AB0B>G=> ?@02482>3> 8 C1548B5;L=>3> 2K@065=8O. 0: 1K :> >15I0==K9 2B>@>9 B>< 8 ?@542>AE8I0O >1I55 42865=85 AM3>;L 2 "K1@0==KE <5AB0E 87 ?5@5?8A:8 A 4@C7LO<8" (1847) >1@0B8;AO : 1>;55 ?@O<>8E 8459. ! >A>15==>9 A8;>9 1K;0 ?>4G5@:=CB0 2 MB>9 :=835 =5>1E>48<>ABL 2=CB@5==53> E@8AB80=A:>3> 2>A?8B0=8O 8 ?5@52>A?8B0=8O 2A5E 8 :064>3>, 157 G53> =52>7<>6=K =8:0:85 >1I5AB25==K5 C;CGH5=8O. 4=>2@5<5==> >3>;L @01>B05B 8 =04 B@C40<8 B5>;>38G5A:>3> E0@0:B5@0, A0B>@KE -- " 07 >65AB25==>9 ;8BC@388" (>?C1;8:>20= ?>A<5@B=> 2 1857).

0?@5;5 1848, ?>A;5 ?0;><=8G5AB20 2 !2OBCN 75<;N : 3@>1C >A?>4=N, >3>;L >:>=G0B5;L=> 2>72@0I05BAO =0 @>48=C. =>385 <5AOFK 1848 8 1850-51 >= ?@>2>48B 2 45AA5 8 0;>@>AA88, >A5=LN 1848 =0254K205BAO 2 5B5@1C@3, 2 1850 8 1851 ?>A5I05B ?B8=C ?CABK=L, => 1>;LHCN G0ABL 2@5<5=8 6825B 2 >A:25.

=0G0;C 1852 1K;0 70=>2> A>740=0 @540:F8O 2B>@>3> B><0, 3;02K 87 :>B>@>9 >3>;L G8B0; 1;8609H8< 4@C7LO< -- . . !<8@=>2>9- >AA5B, !. . (52K@52C, . . >3>48=C, !. ". :A0:>2C 8 G;5=0< 53> A5<. 5>4>1@8B5;L=> >B=5AAO : ?@>872545=8N @652A:89 ?@>B>85@59 >B5F 0B259 (>=AB0=B8=>2A:89), GLO ?@>?>254L @83>@87<0 8 =5CAB0==>3> =@02AB25==>3> A0<>CA>25@H5=AB2>20=8O 2> <=>3>< >?@545;O;0 C<>=0AB@>5=85 >3>;O 2 ?>A;54=89 ?5@8>4 53> 687=8.

=>GL A 11 =0 12 D52@0;O 2 4><5 =0 8:8BA:>< 1C;L20@5, 345 >3>;L 68; C 3@0D0 . . ">;AB>3>, 2 A>AB>O=88 3;C1>:>3> 4CH52=>3> :@878A0 ?8A0B5;L A68305B =>2CN @540:F8N 2B>@>3> B><0. '5@57 =5A:>;L:> 4=59, CB@>< 21 D52@0;O >= C<8@05B.

>E>@>=K ?8A0B5;O A>AB>O;8AL ?@8 >3@><=>< AB5G5=88 =0@>40 =0 :;0418I5 !2OB>-0=8;>20 <>=0ABK@O (2 1931 >AB0=:8 >3>;O 1K;8 ?5@570E>@>=5=K =0 >2>4528GL5< :;0418I5).

"'5BK@5E<5@=0O ?@>70"

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